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Back to back housing, courts, and privies: the slums of 19th century England
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  1. J R Ashton
  1. Correspondence to:
 Professor J R Ashton
 North West Public Health Team, Department of Health, 18th Floor, Sunley Tower, Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester M1 4BE, UK; johnrashton{at}blueyonder.co.uk

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    The industrial revolution in England had by the beginning of the 19th century led to what we would now call rapid urbanisation. Push factors from the rural areas (poverty, disease, changes in agriculture, displacement of peasant farmers) and pull factors from the cities (industrialisation and the growth of Empire) led to huge urban growth in places …

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      Carlos Alvarez-Dardet John R Ashton
      Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2006; 60 649-649 Published Online First: 13 Jul 2006.