A definition of causal effect for epidemiological research

M A Hernán

doi:10.1136/jech.2002.006361

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Continuing professional education

A definition of causal effect for epidemiological research

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Online download statistics by month: March 2004 to November 2024

	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Mar 2004	236	335	332
Apr 2004	117	314	186
May 2004	128	152	96
Jun 2004	69	207	52
Jul 2004	70	103	57
Aug 2004	61	86	42
Sep 2004	42	81	43
Oct 2004	48	71	33
Nov 2004	31	65	26
Dec 2004	20	30	21
Jan 2005	33	100	29
Feb 2005	24	63	21
Mar 2005	21	46	23
Apr 2005	8	45	29
May 2005	6	41	26
Jun 2005	14	41	29
Jul 2005	14	39	32
Aug 2005	17	35	45
Sep 2005	6	60	62
Oct 2005	8	79	53
Nov 2005	12	60	57
Dec 2005	8	59	43
Jan 2006	16	43	44
Feb 2006	14	32	25
Mar 2006	7	62	34
Apr 2006	4	26	25
May 2006	9	27	32
Jun 2006	10	40	32
Jul 2006	13	38	38
Aug 2006	5	26	22
Sep 2006	21	52	59
Oct 2006	22	69	47
Nov 2006	7	69	40
Dec 2006	9	53	47
Jan 2007	24	46	44
Feb 2007	14	50	46
Mar 2007	24	37	73
Apr 2007	42	20	38
May 2007	44	28	34
Jun 2007	36	16	23
Jul 2007	30	22	39
Aug 2007	36	19	25
Sep 2007	47	24	35
Oct 2007	66	24	43
Nov 2007	61	30	46
Dec 2007	43	20	32
Jan 2008	32	18	24
Feb 2008	62	15	31
Mar 2008	46	27	26
Apr 2008	49	25	29
May 2008	25	21	26
Jun 2008	35	10	16
Jul 2008	38	18	27
Aug 2008	45	19	28
Sep 2008	80	24	33
Oct 2008	33	18	19
Nov 2008	23	10	14
Dec 2008	14	8	10
Jan 2009	9	7	27
Feb 2009	21	8	15
Mar 2009	25	7	18
Apr 2009	20	12	22
May 2009	19	12	26
Jun 2009	13	8	12
Jul 2009	20	6	4
Aug 2009	20	9	18
Sep 2009	43	12	23
Oct 2009	37	15	21
Nov 2009	33	3	16
Dec 2009	28	6	17
Jan 2010	17	10	14
Feb 2010	24	7	11
Mar 2010	21	14	14
Apr 2010	19	21	19
May 2010	20	14	13
Jun 2010	17	12	24
Jul 2010	12	9	19
Aug 2010	24	16	16
Sep 2010	46	11	14
Oct 2010	41	29	13
Nov 2010	45	22	18
Dec 2010	26	14	15
Jan 2011	39	12	10
Feb 2011	32	25	15
Mar 2011	62	29	22
Apr 2011	46	14	16
May 2011	46	12	20
Jun 2011	41	10	20
Jul 2011	40	6	13
Aug 2011	27	14	16
Sep 2011	64	20	20
Oct 2011	64	32	30
Nov 2011	59	20	24
Dec 2011	28	21	20
Jan 2012	66	45	40
Feb 2012	40	44	30
Mar 2012	41	99	63
Apr 2012	63	63	37
May 2012	55	53	45
Jun 2012	57	26	32
Jul 2012	58	53	27
Aug 2012	34	31	29
Sep 2012	77	101	44
Oct 2012	96	112	63
Nov 2012	98	88	79
Dec 2012	59	59	46
Jan 2013	103	69	65
Feb 2013	140	93	59
Mar 2013	126	78	104
Apr 2013	160	119	145
May 2013	127	48	103
Jun 2013	64	52	73
Jul 2013	78	40	109
Aug 2013	89	28	66
Sep 2013	67	137	125
Oct 2013	112	83	120
Nov 2013	125	91	95
Dec 2013	60	51	57
Jan 2014	66	82	57
Feb 2014	90	90	56
Mar 2014	100	133	89
Apr 2014	104	150	77
May 2014	94	263	51
Jun 2014	67	308	43
Jul 2014	71	158	87
Aug 2014	84	92	63
Sep 2014	87	175	105
Oct 2014	60	159	67
Nov 2014	71	130	61
Dec 2014	69	88	44
Jan 2015	83	127	53
Feb 2015	72	113	47
Mar 2015	91	121	50
Apr 2015	53	158	41
May 2015	72	124	41
Jun 2015	51	115	32
Jul 2015	62	119	47
Aug 2015	64	165	49
Sep 2015	83	167	50
Oct 2015	51	143	25
Nov 2015	46	173	88
Dec 2015	36	186	61
Jan 2016	45	120	72
Feb 2016	32	132	51
Mar 2016	29	120	69
Apr 2016	37	95	68
May 2016	48	114	66
Jun 2016	30	99	44
Jul 2016	36	77	61
Aug 2016	53	95	90
Sep 2016	39	137	84
Oct 2016	61	242	80
Nov 2016	52	163	46
Dec 2016	22	115	44
Jan 2017	37	112	45
Feb 2017	8	139	31
Mar 2017	15	128	65
Apr 2017	12	188	40
May 2017	18	175	37
Jun 2017	42	109	30
Jul 2017	89	52	45
Aug 2017	134	74	65
Sep 2017	257	229	51
Oct 2017	280	216	41
Nov 2017	280	256	60
Dec 2017	198	180	28
Jan 2018	331	283	64
Feb 2018	292	243	86
Mar 2018	265	224	47
Apr 2018	210	170	57
May 2018	162	142	50
Jun 2018	108	92	25
Jul 2018	143	119	56
Aug 2018	130	102	40
Sep 2018	211	173	73
Oct 2018	285	247	80
Nov 2018	241	219	42
Dec 2018	188	162	38
Jan 2019	255	217	71
Feb 2019	237	192	58
Mar 2019	249	202	96
Apr 2019	194	168	74
May 2019	233	206	85
Jun 2019	154	135	62
Jul 2019	264	221	77
Aug 2019	159	123	60
Sep 2019	266	226	55
Oct 2019	345	292	106
Nov 2019	272	221	51
Dec 2019	329	284	86
Jan 2020	304	268	93
Feb 2020	325	301	83
Mar 2020	335	311	109
Apr 2020	282	248	92
May 2020	341	286	79
Jun 2020	242	210	90
Jul 2020	202	169	47
Aug 2020	275	231	72
Sep 2020	472	420	87
Oct 2020	568	510	95
Nov 2020	510	462	119
Dec 2020	482	410	78
Jan 2021	662	622	164
Feb 2021	659	603	123
Mar 2021	687	590	162
Apr 2021	502	435	133
May 2021	514	488	110
Jun 2021	362	366	91
Jul 2021	322	328	77
Aug 2021	361	361	87
Sep 2021	820	827	167
Oct 2021	833	786	170
Nov 2021	212	137	99
Dec 2021	389	312	68
Jan 2022	719	660	204
Feb 2022	602	556	139
Mar 2022	649	566	174
Apr 2022	665	539	167
May 2022	639	568	144
Jun 2022	508	467	118
Jul 2022	466	404	97
Aug 2022	489	428	130
Sep 2022	627	583	167
Oct 2022	774	708	153
Nov 2022	705	595	118
Dec 2022	471	421	100
Jan 2023	712	646	204
Feb 2023	764	673	141
Mar 2023	671	604	157
Apr 2023	463	397	137
May 2023	567	475	139
Jun 2023	510	428	112
Jul 2023	438	370	94
Aug 2023	480	427	78
Sep 2023	656	594	122
Oct 2023	740	661	106
Nov 2023	628	512	110
Dec 2023	1111	112	51
Jan 2024	825	58	39
Feb 2024	812	48	16
Mar 2024	1291	60	22
Apr 2024	942	56	34
May 2024	685	26	21
Jun 2024	604	24	24
Jul 2024	1027	36	20
Aug 2024	711	29	29
Sep 2024	973	36	21
Oct 2024	640	20	24
Nov 2024	564	16	21
Total	49115	39413	14998

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