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Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors
  1. Richard Doll,
  2. Richard Peto,
  3. Jillian Boreham,
  4. Isabelle Sutherland

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      Objective: To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods, and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages.

      Design: Prospective study that has continued from 1951 to 2001.

      Setting: United Kingdom.

      Participants: 34 439 male British doctors. Information about their smoking habits was obtained in 1951, and periodically thereafter; cause specific mortality was monitored for 50 years.

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