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During the 1999 conflict in Kosovo, an estimated 850 000 people were displaced from Kosovo.1 Many thousands of these people arrived in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). As the physical and political pressures mounted within Macedonia to provide safe haven for the refugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) called for an international humanitarian evacuation programme (HEP). The International Organisation for Migration2 (IOM) in collaboration with UNHCR and several responding international governments facilitated the voluntary movement of refugees out of Macedonia. More than 91 000 people moved to third countries under the HEP. IOM performed pre-travel “fitness to travel” health assessments for 41 652 refugees …