Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review

K E Pickett; M Pearl

doi:10.1136/jech.55.2.111

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Theory and methods

Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review

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Online download statistics by month: January 2001 to March 2024

	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Jan 2001	98	156	67
Feb 2001	62	110	46
Mar 2001	34	75	48
Apr 2001	30	65	28
May 2001	27	38	15
Jun 2001	27	37	5
Jul 2001	21	49	24
Aug 2001	23	44	19
Sep 2001	15	49	14
Oct 2001	40	66	29
Nov 2001	30	74	26
Dec 2001	22	55	15
Jan 2002	41	66	32
Feb 2002	39	48	16
Mar 2002	22	41	22
Apr 2002	21	50	23
May 2002	22	45	34
Jun 2002	9	32	32
Jul 2002	15	41	22
Aug 2002	23	50	36
Sep 2002	24	33	32
Oct 2002	18	67	43
Nov 2002	19	35	27
Dec 2002	12	25	24
Jan 2003	31	56	31
Feb 2003	26	43	31
Mar 2003	41	41	41
Apr 2003	16	31	21
May 2003	26	43	25
Jun 2003	19	39	34
Jul 2003	23	46	29
Aug 2003	181	206	36
Sep 2003	40	80	32
Oct 2003	54	65	39
Nov 2003	58	74	43
Dec 2003	33	59	40
Jan 2004	134	316	24
Feb 2004	66	86	46
Mar 2004	83	93	46
Apr 2004	101	254	61
May 2004	124	231	66
Jun 2004	117	196	69
Jul 2004	125	282	73
Aug 2004	82	126	104
Sep 2004	79	147	65
Oct 2004	51	65	84
Nov 2004	47	85	85
Dec 2004	60	65	67
Jan 2005	93	220	218
Feb 2005	84	141	128
Mar 2005	97	167	143
Apr 2005	68	121	118
May 2005	64	77	103
Jun 2005	49	97	85
Jul 2005	49	74	98
Aug 2005	42	71	81
Sep 2005	68	110	106
Oct 2005	84	110	95
Nov 2005	89	151	99
Dec 2005	71	111	91
Jan 2006	82	103	117
Feb 2006	99	63	90
Mar 2006	84	90	95
Apr 2006	123	79	97
May 2006	161	75	113
Jun 2006	130	80	94
Jul 2006	122	72	77
Aug 2006	116	80	79
Sep 2006	149	91	90
Oct 2006	180	106	110
Nov 2006	188	128	118
Dec 2006	124	83	93
Jan 2007	128	70	91
Feb 2007	181	87	127
Mar 2007	216	114	115
Apr 2007	250	62	85
May 2007	196	104	147
Jun 2007	149	45	67
Jul 2007	150	55	71
Aug 2007	179	42	88
Sep 2007	152	46	75
Oct 2007	197	63	89
Nov 2007	172	49	71
Dec 2007	127	34	61
Jan 2008	226	42	93
Feb 2008	169	46	94
Mar 2008	236	38	99
Apr 2008	214	32	83
May 2008	159	26	63
Jun 2008	145	25	67
Jul 2008	169	35	58
Aug 2008	131	24	43
Sep 2008	169	23	67
Oct 2008	220	32	82
Nov 2008	196	60	90
Dec 2008	154	29	64
Jan 2009	174	41	71
Feb 2009	300	42	100
Mar 2009	288	48	104
Apr 2009	239	41	86
May 2009	193	33	83
Jun 2009	135	26	54
Jul 2009	163	32	61
Aug 2009	166	41	77
Sep 2009	206	19	69
Oct 2009	204	28	86
Nov 2009	182	28	73
Dec 2009	110	4	40
Jan 2010	174	31	61
Feb 2010	140	27	66
Mar 2010	156	27	50
Apr 2010	167	30	71
May 2010	177	23	66
Jun 2010	129	32	57
Jul 2010	124	21	53
Aug 2010	108	28	50
Sep 2010	160	34	53
Oct 2010	187	29	70
Nov 2010	217	21	71
Dec 2010	169	36	50
Jan 2011	109	30	37
Feb 2011	154	36	45
Mar 2011	294	46	82
Apr 2011	277	37	80
May 2011	245	26	76
Jun 2011	204	21	69
Jul 2011	215	22	56
Aug 2011	189	26	76
Sep 2011	216	20	75
Oct 2011	287	25	83
Nov 2011	327	53	160
Dec 2011	186	66	168
Jan 2012	215	65	148
Feb 2012	172	50	119
Mar 2012	211	38	129
Apr 2012	131	45	94
May 2012	177	79	139
Jun 2012	187	62	108
Jul 2012	163	62	127
Aug 2012	171	59	113
Sep 2012	210	80	147
Oct 2012	288	80	198
Nov 2012	343	81	202
Dec 2012	222	116	159
Jan 2013	333	82	153
Feb 2013	311	91	186
Mar 2013	379	129	220
Apr 2013	369	185	236
May 2013	329	125	202
Jun 2013	209	63	154
Jul 2013	222	61	145
Aug 2013	250	100	136
Sep 2013	336	109	164
Oct 2013	402	165	238
Nov 2013	429	179	245
Dec 2013	277	178	177
Jan 2014	323	194	227
Feb 2014	319	244	227
Mar 2014	394	184	260
Apr 2014	415	241	250
May 2014	341	175	227
Jun 2014	235	146	120
Jul 2014	248	169	140
Aug 2014	250	188	134
Sep 2014	341	183	157
Oct 2014	464	193	213
Nov 2014	451	159	209
Dec 2014	300	142	129
Jan 2015	330	143	165
Feb 2015	331	114	172
Mar 2015	466	277	187
Apr 2015	455	142	194
May 2015	325	150	182
Jun 2015	276	94	167
Jul 2015	248	113	115
Aug 2015	257	114	121
Sep 2015	392	189	162
Oct 2015	284	93	112
Nov 2015	475	155	205
Dec 2015	565	98	150
Jan 2016	321	130	159
Feb 2016	395	131	160
Mar 2016	438	223	206
Apr 2016	487	125	202
May 2016	407	101	191
Jun 2016	357	105	128
Jul 2016	283	77	124
Aug 2016	265	98	121
Sep 2016	382	102	141
Oct 2016	511	129	550
Nov 2016	430	119	216
Dec 2016	282	117	162
Jan 2017	351	119	197
Feb 2017	293	71	200
Mar 2017	426	125	299
Apr 2017	371	198	166
May 2017	327	245	240
Jun 2017	244	152	164
Jul 2017	403	193	157
Aug 2017	554	161	136
Sep 2017	704	130	163
Oct 2017	990	166	226
Nov 2017	1012	198	320
Dec 2017	1005	475	228
Jan 2018	738	106	177
Feb 2018	1044	360	201
Mar 2018	896	135	225
Apr 2018	779	117	244
May 2018	753	160	299
Jun 2018	453	143	179
Jul 2018	450	102	186
Aug 2018	489	119	182
Sep 2018	630	150	201
Oct 2018	952	309	292
Nov 2018	948	322	285
Dec 2018	631	281	247
Jan 2019	640	222	237
Feb 2019	742	251	220
Mar 2019	737	189	212
Apr 2019	546	102	252
May 2019	412	74	201
Jun 2019	356	113	165
Jul 2019	332	103	158
Aug 2019	429	101	178
Sep 2019	632	287	169
Oct 2019	548	124	214
Nov 2019	450	101	107
Dec 2019	294	90	71
Jan 2020	331	121	104
Feb 2020	558	355	70
Mar 2020	451	310	88
Apr 2020	591	445	96
May 2020	341	209	149
Jun 2020	213	126	59
Jul 2020	270	104	87
Aug 2020	301	99	124
Sep 2020	427	142	140
Oct 2020	509	134	140
Nov 2020	524	151	142
Dec 2020	273	95	85
Jan 2021	477	267	113
Feb 2021	281	88	82
Mar 2021	405	132	162
Apr 2021	411	157	136
May 2021	259	145	120
Jun 2021	136	136	125
Jul 2021	67	67	54
Aug 2021	125	123	72
Sep 2021	171	167	116
Oct 2021	344	144	142
Nov 2021	454	158	139
Dec 2021	329	154	167
Jan 2022	326	153	163
Feb 2022	408	176	146
Mar 2022	358	135	159
Apr 2022	494	208	128
May 2022	426	155	167
Jun 2022	271	109	86
Jul 2022	191	81	65
Aug 2022	332	135	92
Sep 2022	273	120	76
Oct 2022	350	155	87
Nov 2022	336	115	105
Dec 2022	282	121	47
Jan 2023	376	190	72
Feb 2023	308	137	81
Mar 2023	500	234	126
Apr 2023	369	126	119
May 2023	355	124	101
Jun 2023	303	126	77
Jul 2023	292	144	85
Aug 2023	341	165	74
Sep 2023	398	159	102
Oct 2023	591	319	86
Nov 2023	1011	486	102
Dec 2023	1204	102	33
Jan 2024	979	31	31
Feb 2024	801	31	19
Mar 2024	954	42	30
Total	78000	30936	32121

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