Causation in epidemiology

M Parascandola; D L Weed

doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.905

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Theory and methods

Causation in epidemiology

Online download statistics by month:

Online download statistics by month: November 2001 to March 2024

	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Nov 2001	153	103	58
Dec 2001	54	81	29
Jan 2002	98	105	66
Feb 2002	43	63	73
Mar 2002	33	87	505
Apr 2002	48	59	69
May 2002	50	78	70
Jun 2002	13	26	13
Jul 2002	4	13	21
Aug 2002	10	22	28
Sep 2002	5	37	18
Oct 2002	5	17	15
Nov 2002	7	19	14
Dec 2002	10	12	18
Jan 2003	8	26	23
Feb 2003	30	42	31
Mar 2003	32	58	27
Apr 2003	23	50	23
May 2003	30	49	27
Jun 2003	34	43	32
Jul 2003	35	55	38
Aug 2003	49	59	42
Sep 2003	45	66	46
Oct 2003	93	95	59
Nov 2003	63	85	51
Dec 2003	27	18	15
Jan 2004	44	61	29
Feb 2004	58	16	15
Mar 2004	27	34	42
Apr 2004	37	27	24
May 2004	51	47	22
Jun 2004	74	76	62
Jul 2004	61	88	64
Aug 2004	50	85	35
Sep 2004	48	194	61
Oct 2004	46	144	61
Nov 2004	28	173	66
Dec 2004	17	133	49
Jan 2005	32	147	76
Feb 2005	34	232	85
Mar 2005	21	120	88
Apr 2005	19	94	64
May 2005	27	81	78
Jun 2005	31	82	97
Jul 2005	15	62	52
Aug 2005	14	86	81
Sep 2005	42	158	151
Oct 2005	40	114	118
Nov 2005	29	86	82
Dec 2005	25	99	72
Jan 2006	23	111	90
Feb 2006	21	124	136
Mar 2006	35	119	107
Apr 2006	29	93	98
May 2006	91	128	93
Jun 2006	37	69	52
Jul 2006	37	76	71
Aug 2006	49	62	90
Sep 2006	86	123	120
Oct 2006	106	179	136
Nov 2006	93	138	117
Dec 2006	72	102	91
Jan 2007	63	138	115
Feb 2007	55	85	77
Mar 2007	93	129	104
Apr 2007	130	48	67
May 2007	110	60	69
Jun 2007	72	24	41
Jul 2007	66	33	52
Aug 2007	98	38	40
Sep 2007	107	22	52
Oct 2007	137	80	88
Nov 2007	69	32	51
Dec 2007	48	19	46
Jan 2008	109	30	55
Feb 2008	101	31	60
Mar 2008	80	27	58
Apr 2008	75	32	53
May 2008	78	36	33
Jun 2008	64	24	30
Jul 2008	104	11	28
Aug 2008	85	20	26
Sep 2008	124	22	33
Oct 2008	104	31	43
Nov 2008	117	48	56
Dec 2008	65	33	36
Jan 2009	83	23	30
Feb 2009	109	28	35
Mar 2009	70	39	39
Apr 2009	56	28	37
May 2009	69	26	37
Jun 2009	58	20	29
Jul 2009	63	12	30
Aug 2009	49	22	40
Sep 2009	63	35	48
Oct 2009	110	32	49
Nov 2009	73	13	31
Dec 2009	47	7	26
Jan 2010	107	28	49
Feb 2010	90	25	32
Mar 2010	80	14	29
Apr 2010	85	40	26
May 2010	47	32	30
Jun 2010	71	72	30
Jul 2010	51	28	31
Aug 2010	56	37	27
Sep 2010	100	41	42
Oct 2010	95	34	38
Nov 2010	74	26	27
Dec 2010	45	31	22
Jan 2011	64	18	21
Feb 2011	66	21	25
Mar 2011	59	27	30
Apr 2011	72	29	26
May 2011	106	40	51
Jun 2011	58	12	34
Jul 2011	73	5	20
Aug 2011	69	20	26
Sep 2011	75	22	22
Oct 2011	100	28	28
Nov 2011	79	53	43
Dec 2011	99	74	56
Jan 2012	76	84	59
Feb 2012	62	92	46
Mar 2012	54	84	43
Apr 2012	68	131	57
May 2012	83	180	71
Jun 2012	83	87	47
Jul 2012	86	88	46
Aug 2012	74	112	71
Sep 2012	115	189	87
Oct 2012	140	218	110
Nov 2012	111	167	130
Dec 2012	91	104	76
Jan 2013	111	137	96
Feb 2013	101	191	145
Mar 2013	145	243	99
Apr 2013	136	232	120
May 2013	132	289	109
Jun 2013	73	183	73
Jul 2013	72	172	69
Aug 2013	87	215	133
Sep 2013	88	213	123
Oct 2013	126	318	206
Nov 2013	81	257	136
Dec 2013	86	285	104
Jan 2014	94	263	129
Feb 2014	73	379	149
Mar 2014	118	237	51
Apr 2014	96	255	58
May 2014	236	322	55
Jun 2014	80	288	53
Jul 2014	94	207	90
Aug 2014	66	252	98
Sep 2014	105	416	108
Oct 2014	99	408	98
Nov 2014	122	325	53
Dec 2014	68	254	77
Jan 2015	75	298	108
Feb 2015	75	270	80
Mar 2015	83	255	35
Apr 2015	70	258	49
May 2015	97	368	63
Jun 2015	54	234	42
Jul 2015	131	249	63
Aug 2015	63	215	51
Sep 2015	124	277	71
Oct 2015	73	215	72
Nov 2015	96	277	48
Dec 2015	65	271	33
Jan 2016	80	229	71
Feb 2016	67	295	62
Mar 2016	74	295	54
Apr 2016	83	306	48
May 2016	62	275	44
Jun 2016	64	224	37
Jul 2016	77	156	48
Aug 2016	87	230	57
Sep 2016	65	178	40
Oct 2016	77	202	38
Nov 2016	77	185	35
Dec 2016	49	145	18
Jan 2017	68	135	37
Feb 2017	35	211	21
Mar 2017	31	211	31
Apr 2017	32	296	47
May 2017	45	373	49
Jun 2017	62	287	33
Jul 2017	79	69	20
Aug 2017	172	80	43
Sep 2017	297	267	45
Oct 2017	412	361	53
Nov 2017	366	332	72
Dec 2017	244	216	71
Jan 2018	341	299	48
Feb 2018	473	413	63
Mar 2018	343	319	48
Apr 2018	559	513	82
May 2018	614	574	64
Jun 2018	435	410	85
Jul 2018	429	401	79
Aug 2018	574	516	157
Sep 2018	1055	767	156
Oct 2018	807	749	158
Nov 2018	891	841	203
Dec 2018	656	614	136
Jan 2019	640	585	102
Feb 2019	735	692	136
Mar 2019	765	710	86
Apr 2019	609	581	91
May 2019	697	651	100
Jun 2019	467	431	79
Jul 2019	485	449	96
Aug 2019	659	621	98
Sep 2019	743	689	133
Oct 2019	1208	1109	190
Nov 2019	1234	1162	125
Dec 2019	943	921	89
Jan 2020	953	889	104
Feb 2020	1288	1247	380
Mar 2020	1345	1293	183
Apr 2020	774	730	138
May 2020	774	681	180
Jun 2020	749	703	96
Jul 2020	602	558	105
Aug 2020	579	521	112
Sep 2020	891	853	148
Oct 2020	1005	942	166
Nov 2020	1193	1137	178
Dec 2020	821	753	110
Jan 2021	895	845	142
Feb 2021	1269	1201	170
Mar 2021	1264	1211	248
Apr 2021	1053	953	156
May 2021	868	809	139
Jun 2021	649	654	122
Jul 2021	564	574	116
Aug 2021	698	704	145
Sep 2021	849	861	167
Oct 2021	1374	1296	193
Nov 2021	546	479	172
Dec 2021	899	871	186
Jan 2022	756	714	174
Feb 2022	1056	1040	181
Mar 2022	1215	1167	267
Apr 2022	1226	1216	258
May 2022	1097	983	145
Jun 2022	808	779	131
Jul 2022	569	544	104
Aug 2022	707	622	171
Sep 2022	1135	1024	201
Oct 2022	1002	957	1793
Nov 2022	1290	1227	231
Dec 2022	801	728	173
Jan 2023	815	757	192
Feb 2023	1065	991	188
Mar 2023	1389	1324	221
Apr 2023	1654	1542	211
May 2023	867	828	134
Jun 2023	847	802	119
Jul 2023	900	886	105
Aug 2023	941	867	141
Sep 2023	1280	1202	157
Oct 2023	1500	1424	160
Nov 2023	1655	1485	140
Dec 2023	1905	281	38
Jan 2024	865	21	17
Feb 2024	743	13	8
Mar 2024	1724	51	15
Total	82695	83105	23894

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Online download statistics by month: November 2001 to March 2024

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