Ecological effects in multi-level studies

Tony A Blakely; Alistair J Woodward

doi:10.1136/jech.54.5.367

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Theory and methods

Ecological effects in multi-level studies

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Online download statistics by month: May 2000 to October 2024

	Abstract	Full	Pdf
May 2000	73	295	197
Jun 2000	11	61	40
Jul 2000	12	60	31
Aug 2000	12	21	6
Sep 2000	7	15	5
Oct 2000	3	20	11
Nov 2000	10	36	25
Dec 2000	16	31	6
Jan 2001	4	12	9
Feb 2001	9	21	9
Mar 2001	8	15	7
Apr 2001	9	15	5
May 2001	6	18	8
Jun 2001	5	15	3
Jul 2001	3	13	8
Aug 2001	3	18	8
Sep 2001	8	21	6
Oct 2001	12	31	21
Nov 2001	13	18	15
Dec 2001	3	7	4
Jan 2002	7	15	5
Feb 2002	4	14	11
Mar 2002	3	5	3
Apr 2002	11	29	25
May 2002	11	12	3
Jun 2002	12	15	14
Jul 2002	7	16	13
Aug 2002	12	23	17
Sep 2002	8	13	25
Oct 2002	7	29	23
Nov 2002	8	14	9
Dec 2002	1	6	4
Jan 2003	8	18	25
Feb 2003	19	25	19
Mar 2003	15	17	16
Apr 2003	14	26	17
May 2003	9	16	12
Jun 2003	8	9	9
Jul 2003	13	19	13
Aug 2003	30	44	34
Sep 2003	14	29	14
Oct 2003	26	40	18
Nov 2003	23	28	14
Dec 2003	23	21	14
Jan 2004	19	50	15
Feb 2004	22	29	20
Mar 2004	29	34	19
Apr 2004	20	41	25
May 2004	19	54	42
Jun 2004	20	52	43
Jul 2004	26	60	28
Aug 2004	24	43	36
Sep 2004	20	74	53
Oct 2004	19	94	40
Nov 2004	25	79	45
Dec 2004	18	55	28
Jan 2005	27	33	47
Feb 2005	29	105	36
Mar 2005	33	59	66
Apr 2005	36	42	67
May 2005	22	44	44
Jun 2005	25	47	32
Jul 2005	17	46	35
Aug 2005	24	54	40
Sep 2005	28	53	48
Oct 2005	35	59	34
Nov 2005	53	72	59
Dec 2005	29	41	39
Jan 2006	27	45	44
Feb 2006	19	66	54
Mar 2006	7	36	46
Apr 2006	38	63	59
May 2006	55	96	50
Jun 2006	38	68	40
Jul 2006	36	53	39
Aug 2006	38	43	38
Sep 2006	49	67	52
Oct 2006	59	84	49
Nov 2006	47	74	74
Dec 2006	37	63	40
Jan 2007	47	59	61
Feb 2007	56	58	59
Mar 2007	71	70	54
Apr 2007	94	46	37
May 2007	65	30	36
Jun 2007	49	35	29
Jul 2007	62	25	41
Aug 2007	61	40	33
Sep 2007	61	8	26
Oct 2007	95	18	46
Nov 2007	120	23	74
Dec 2007	38	11	14
Jan 2008	43	28	34
Feb 2008	41	25	33
Mar 2008	42	12	16
Apr 2008	56	15	28
May 2008	34	12	12
Jun 2008	63	19	15
Jul 2008	56	13	28
Aug 2008	49	6	20
Sep 2008	50	12	18
Oct 2008	47	14	26
Nov 2008	29	11	54
Dec 2008	48	10	15
Jan 2009	40	13	17
Feb 2009	54	18	27
Mar 2009	43	16	19
Apr 2009	57	15	21
May 2009	80	17	31
Jun 2009	38	10	13
Jul 2009	44	11	18
Aug 2009	38	10	16
Sep 2009	47	15	23
Oct 2009	58	8	19
Nov 2009	73	13	32
Dec 2009	58	18	20
Jan 2010	41	15	18
Feb 2010	44	8	22
Mar 2010	52	26	28
Apr 2010	35	23	20
May 2010	48	26	18
Jun 2010	44	12	17
Jul 2010	32	11	12
Aug 2010	50	21	16
Sep 2010	64	23	30
Oct 2010	59	27	15
Nov 2010	55	25	11
Dec 2010	39	11	14
Jan 2011	40	14	21
Feb 2011	49	27	20
Mar 2011	44	11	12
Apr 2011	34	23	14
May 2011	43	19	18
Jun 2011	33	3	11
Jul 2011	35	8	11
Aug 2011	57	10	18
Sep 2011	66	15	20
Oct 2011	59	9	9
Nov 2011	60	37	21
Dec 2011	29	30	27
Jan 2012	30	31	12
Feb 2012	32	41	24
Mar 2012	32	19	15
Apr 2012	38	47	25
May 2012	54	77	34
Jun 2012	46	53	34
Jul 2012	51	57	37
Aug 2012	28	37	22
Sep 2012	45	47	25
Oct 2012	46	53	21
Nov 2012	54	34	21
Dec 2012	59	37	24
Jan 2013	72	64	33
Feb 2013	52	57	39
Mar 2013	63	52	27
Apr 2013	79	60	35
May 2013	83	63	38
Jun 2013	38	29	26
Jul 2013	35	34	18
Aug 2013	34	35	23
Sep 2013	50	54	33
Oct 2013	41	55	24
Nov 2013	47	64	24
Dec 2013	22	29	27
Jan 2014	41	57	36
Feb 2014	32	38	32
Mar 2014	45	42	60
Apr 2014	42	74	33
May 2014	49	67	35
Jun 2014	47	50	25
Jul 2014	48	25	16
Aug 2014	41	27	17
Sep 2014	41	60	24
Oct 2014	55	59	17
Nov 2014	50	61	15
Dec 2014	55	77	18
Jan 2015	66	74	30
Feb 2015	47	62	38
Mar 2015	44	69	31
Apr 2015	60	70	24
May 2015	63	72	16
Jun 2015	41	78	21
Jul 2015	31	75	10
Aug 2015	30	65	30
Sep 2015	73	49	21
Oct 2015	24	33	14
Nov 2015	43	40	21
Dec 2015	30	49	12
Jan 2016	150	41	23
Feb 2016	43	34	25
Mar 2016	35	30	29
Apr 2016	38	37	24
May 2016	46	47	26
Jun 2016	36	30	13
Jul 2016	36	22	15
Aug 2016	40	26	14
Sep 2016	89	43	22
Oct 2016	40	37	33
Nov 2016	44	42	24
Dec 2016	29	38	10
Jan 2017	34	55	21
Feb 2017	24	62	16
Mar 2017	19	47	24
Apr 2017	20	115	45
May 2017	20	109	30
Jun 2017	31	68	22
Jul 2017	61	47	18
Aug 2017	75	53	29
Sep 2017	78	54	21
Oct 2017	130	92	44
Nov 2017	110	70	24
Dec 2017	67	43	18
Jan 2018	76	58	12
Feb 2018	129	90	22
Mar 2018	103	59	18
Apr 2018	145	77	37
May 2018	130	78	26
Jun 2018	88	64	18
Jul 2018	63	53	26
Aug 2018	67	53	22
Sep 2018	103	89	23
Oct 2018	186	164	28
Nov 2018	130	112	31
Dec 2018	162	152	18
Jan 2019	127	109	23
Feb 2019	164	137	37
Mar 2019	112	80	24
Apr 2019	132	79	48
May 2019	134	78	45
Jun 2019	90	58	25
Jul 2019	110	63	36
Aug 2019	99	59	28
Sep 2019	123	97	27
Oct 2019	181	119	42
Nov 2019	151	111	60
Dec 2019	97	73	27
Jan 2020	150	134	27
Feb 2020	325	302	24
Mar 2020	212	194	21
Apr 2020	100	83	20
May 2020	79	57	21
Jun 2020	58	44	10
Jul 2020	92	66	59
Aug 2020	73	57	36
Sep 2020	272	250	25
Oct 2020	227	196	36
Nov 2020	116	79	32
Dec 2020	104	73	19
Jan 2021	189	161	27
Feb 2021	113	69	28
Mar 2021	124	66	35
Apr 2021	119	72	42
May 2021	75	56	23
Jun 2021	101	110	44
Jul 2021	57	55	28
Aug 2021	48	45	26
Sep 2021	72	70	31
Oct 2021	122	75	58
Nov 2021	63	34	42
Dec 2021	116	73	46
Jan 2022	87	63	22
Feb 2022	72	68	16
Mar 2022	99	82	31
Apr 2022	120	107	48
May 2022	93	84	37
Jun 2022	132	108	33
Jul 2022	82	60	21
Aug 2022	138	80	31
Sep 2022	120	94	21
Oct 2022	129	103	21
Nov 2022	108	89	32
Dec 2022	111	75	24
Jan 2023	151	90	32
Feb 2023	149	110	32
Mar 2023	151	98	25
Apr 2023	101	64	19
May 2023	118	62	32
Jun 2023	96	78	23
Jul 2023	109	83	36
Aug 2023	106	64	21
Sep 2023	143	102	25
Oct 2023	110	82	31
Nov 2023	206	111	34
Dec 2023	448	42	13
Jan 2024	278	21	12
Feb 2024	220	9	5
Mar 2024	336	10	11
Apr 2024	386	13	2
May 2024	307	1	7
Jun 2024	373	12	6
Jul 2024	199	22	6
Aug 2024	332	7	3
Sep 2024	234	16	14
Oct 2024	317	11	12
Total	20302	14900	7803

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