There are 16.5 million newborns in China annually. However, the incidence of congenital
heart disease (CHD) has not been evaluated. In 2004, we launched an active province-wide …

Background: Limited studies have evaluated the risk factors for congenital heart defects
(CHDs) in China and compared them for different types of CHDs. This study examined risk …

Background Evidence of maternal exposure to ambient air pollution on congenital heart
defects (CHD) has been mixed and are still relatively limited in developing countries. We …

Prenatal exposure to toxic trace elements, including heavy metals, is an important public
health concern. Few studies have assessed if individual and multiple trace elements …

Background Maternal folic acid supplementation (FAS) reduces the risk of neural tube
defects in offspring. However, its effect on congenital heart disease (CHDs), especially on …

Background The American Heart Association (AHA) developed a simplified assessment tool
based on seven ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics, but the relationship between the …

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a major cause of death in infancy and childhood. Major
risk factors for most CHDs, particularly those resulting from the combination of environmental …

Objective: Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are associated with an extremely heavy global
disease burden as the most common category of birth defects. Genetic and environmental …

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse short-and long-term health
outcomes among mothers and their offspring. GDM affects 0.6%–15% of pregnancies …

Background Proximity to greenness has shown protective effects on coronary heart diseases
by limiting exposure to environmental hazards, encouraging physical activity, and reducing …