Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Monitoring and Reducing Exposure of Infants to Pollutants in House Dust

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol 201

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 201))

Abstract

Babies come with great potential but great vulnerability. It is estimated that infants eat twice as much dust (100 mg vs. 50 mg/d), weigh one sixth as much, and are up to ten times more vulnerable than are adults to dust exposure (U.S. EPA 2002, 2003). The developing neurological, immune, digestive, and other bodily systems of infants are easily affected at low doses and these systems are less able to metabolize, detoxify, and excrete pollutants (Grandjean and Landrigan 2006; U.S. EPA 1996, 2002, 2003). Up to 11% of toddlers may exhibit pica behavior, eating nonfood items, and may consume up to 10 g of soil and dust per day (Calabrese and Stanek 1991; Mahaffey and Annest 1985). The time of life when exposure occurs may be as important as the dose (Grandjean and Landrigan 2006; Louis et al. 2007). Infants breathe more air, drink and eat more relative to their body weight, and engage in risky behaviors such as mouthing hands, toys, furniture, and other nonfood items. They crawl on floors, where they are in close proximity to carpets, and may breathe higher levels of dust (Rodes et al. 1996). Exposures early in life may trigger sensitization leading to development of chronic diseases such as asthma or predispose to cancer that takes decades to develop (Louis et al. 2007).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adgate JL, Willis RD, Buckley TJ, Chow JC, Watson JG, Rhoads GG, Lioy PJ (1998) Chemical mass balance source apportionment of lead in house dust. Environ Sci Technol 32:108–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akinibami L (2006) The state of childhood asthma, United States, 1980–2005. Advance data from vital and health statistics: No 381. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, pp. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcury TA, Grzywacz, JG, Davis SW, Barr DB, Quandt SA (2006) Organophosphorous pesticide urinary metabolite levels of children in farmworker households in eastern North Carolina. Am J Ind Med 49:751–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arlian LG, Morgan MS (2003) Biology, ecology, and prevalence of dust mites. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 23:443–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM (2007) Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 11.07. ASTM International, West Conshohoken, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (1993) Toxicological profile for 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, and 4,4-DDD. U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (2000) Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson AS (ed) (1985) Control of communicable disease in man. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, p. 485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berube A (2007) Toward an economic analysis of the environmental burden of disease among Canadian children. J Toxicol Environ Health B 10:131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyea J, Hatch M, Stellman SD, Santella RM, Teitelbaum SL, Prokopczyk B, Camann D, Gammon MD (2006) Validation and calibration of a model used to reconstruct historical exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for use in epidemiologic studies. Envrion Health Perspect 115:1053–1058.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M, Hagerhed-Engman L (2004) The association between asthma and allergenic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: A nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 112:1393–1397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradman A, Whitaker D, Quiros L, Castorina R, Henn BC, Nishioka M, Morgan J, Barr DB, Harnly M, Brisbin JA, Sheldon LS, McKone TE, Eskenazi B (2007) Pesticides and their metabolites in the homes and urine of farmworker children living in the Salinas Valley, CA. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 17:331–349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun JA (2003) Home safe home: Preventing falls in the home through environmental assessment and modification. Geriatr Care Manag J. Summer Fall:8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froelich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP (2006) Exposures to toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environ Health Perspect 114:1904–1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunekreef B, Dockery DW, Speixer FE, Ware JH, Spengler JD, Ferris BG (1989) Home dampness and respiratory morbidity in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:1363–1364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunterngchit Y, Lockhart T, Woldstadt JC, Smith JL (2000) Age related effects of transitional floor surfaces and obstruction of view on gait related characteristics related to slips and falls. Int J Ind Ergon 25:223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butte W, Heinzow B (2002) Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175:1–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese EJ, Stanek E (1991) A guide to interpreting soil ingestion studies. II. Quantitative evidence of soil ingestion. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 13:278–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camann DE, Buckley JD (1994) Carpet Dust: An indicator of exposure at home to pesticides, PAHs, and tobacco, smoke. In: Proceedings of Sixth Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology and Fourth Conference of the International Society for Exposure Analysis: 18–21 September, Research Triangle Park, NC, and Princeton, NJ. International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. Paper No. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camann DE, Colt JS, Zuniga NM (2002a) Distribution and quality of pesticide, PAH, and PCB measurements in bag dust in four areas of U.S.A. In: Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate: Indoor Air 2002, 30 June – 5 July, Monterey, CA, pp. 860–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camann DE, Yau AY, Colt JS (2002b) Distributions and quality of acidic pesticide measurements in bag dust from four areas of USA. ISEA/ISEE Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Abstract 53.18, Aug. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camann D, Yau A, Mc Pherson A (2005) Perfluorinated, organotins, PBDE, and other chemicals in house dust. In: Proceedings of the International Society of Exposure Analysis Conference, 30 Oct – 2 Nov, Tucson, AZ, and Princeton, NJ. International Society of Environmental Epidemiology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canfield RL, Henderswon CR, Cory-Slecta DA, Cox CR, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP (2003) Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 µg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 348:1517–1526.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CARB (2003) California portable classrooms study: Executive summary, Vol. 3. RTI International, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA. Available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/pcs/pcs-fr/pcs_v3_es_03-23-04.pdf

  • Cathart M, Nicholson P, Roberts D, Bazley M, Juniper C, Murray P, Randall M (1997) Enzyme exposure, smoking and lung function in employees in the detergent industry over 20 years. Occup Med 47:473–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2007) CDC surveillance data 1997–2005. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuang JC, Callahan PJ, Lyu CW, Wilson NK (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 9:85–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clickner RP, Marker D, Viet SM, Rogers J, Broene P (2001) National survey of lead and allergen in housing, Vol. 1: Analysis of lead hazards. Westat Inc./U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Renewal, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colt JS, Zahm SH, Camann DE, Hartge P (1998) Comparison of pesticides and other compounds in carpet dust samples collected from used vacuum cleaner bags and from the high volume surface sampler. Environ Health Perspect 106:721–724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colt JS, Lubin J, Camann DE, Davis S, Cerhan J, Severson RK, Bernstein L, Hartge P (2004) Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self reported pest treatment practices in four U.S. sites. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14:74–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colt JS, Severson RK, Lubin J, Camann D, Davis S, Cerhan J, Cozen W, Rothman N, Hartge P (2005) Organochlorine compounds in carpet dust and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiology 16:516–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colt JS, Davis S, Severson RK, Lynch CF, Cozen W, Camann D, Engels EA, Blair A, Hartge P (2006) Residential insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:251–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colt JS, Gunier RB, Metayer C, Nishioka MG, Bell EM, Reynolds P, Buffler PA, Ward MH (2008) Household vacuum cleaners vs. the high-volume surface sampler for collection of carpet dust samples in epidemiologic studies of children. BioMed Central. Environmental Health 7(6) (page numbers not available). Accessed Sept. 10, 2008 at http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/6

  • Davies DJA, Thorton J, Watt JM, Culbard E, Harvey PG, Sherlock JC, Delves HT, Smart GA, Thomas FGA, Quinn MJ (1990) Lead intake and blood lead in two-year old U.K urban children. Sci Total Environ 90:13–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickey P (2005) Safer cleaning products. In: Dickey P (ed) Safer alternatives. Washington Toxics Coalition, Seattle, WA, pp. 5–8. http://www.watoxics.org/files/cleaning

  • Dickey P (ed) (2007) Master home environmentalist training manual. American Lung Association of Washington, Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilley JA, Pizacani BA, Macdonald SC, Bardin J (2005) The burden of asthma in Washington State. Washington State Dept. of Health, DOH Pub. No. 345-201, Olympia, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeghy PP, Qackenboss JJ, Catlin S, Ryan B (2005) Determinants of temporal variability in NEXHAS-Maryland environmental concentrations, exposures, and biomarkers. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 15:388–397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyre H, Kahn R, Roberson RM, Doyle C, Hong Y, Gansler T, Glynn T, Smith RA, Taubert K, Thun MJ (2004) Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation 109:3244–3255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farfel MR, Lees PSJ, Lim B, Rohde CA (1994) Comparison of two cyclone-based devices for the evaluation of lead-containing residential dusts. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 9:212–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenske RA, Lu C, Barr D, Needham L. (2002) Children’s exposure to chlorpyrifos and parathion in an agricultural community in central Washington State. Environ Health Perspect 110:549–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez MF, Olmos B, Granada A, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Molina-Molina JM, Fernandez JM, Cruz M, Olea-Serrano F, Olea N (2007) Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: A nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 115 (Suppl 1):8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke DL, Cole EC, Leese KE, Foarde KK, Berry MA (1997) Cleaning for improved air quality: An initial assessment of effectiveness. Indoor Air 7:41–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman NCG, Shalat SL, Black K, Jimenez M, Donnelly KC, Calvin A, Ramirez J (2004). Seasonal pesticide use in a rural community on the US/Mexico Border. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 14:473–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • General Accounting Office (GAO) (1999) Indoor pollution: Status of federal research activities. GAO/RCED-99-254. General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gereda JE, Leung DYM, Thatayatikom A, Streib JE, Price MR, Klinnert MD, Liu AH (2000) Relation between house dust endotoxin exposure, type 1 T-cell development, and allergen sensitization in infants at high-risk of asthma. Lancet 355:1680–1683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert SG (2005) Ethical, legal, and social issues: Our children’s future. Neurotoxicology 26:521–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ (2006) Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet 368:2167–2178. http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pubmed/17174709

    Google Scholar 

  • Hageman KJ, Simonich SL, Campbell DH, Wilson GR, Landers DH (2006). Atmospheric deposition of current-use and historic-use pesticides in snow at National Parks in the Western United States. Environ Sci Technol 40:3174–3180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartge P, Colt JS, Severson RK, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Camann D, Zahm SH, Davis S. (2005). Residential herbicide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:934–937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard PH (1991) Handbook of environmental fate and exposure data for organic chemicals, Vol. 3: Pesticides. Lewis, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1985) IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. Polynuclear aromatic compounds, bituminous, coal-tar and derived products, shale oils and soots, Vol. 35, Part 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC (2008) Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity to humans: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans, Vol. 1-99. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/crthgr01.php

  • Institute of Medicine (2000) Clearing the air: Asthma and indoor air exposures. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola JJK, Hwang BF, Jaakkola N (2005) Home dampness, parental atophy, and asthma in childhood: A six-year population-based cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 113:357–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola JJK, Ieromnimon A, Jaakkola MS (2006) Interior surface materials and asthma in adults: A population-based incident case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 164:742–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobling S, Tyler CR (2006) Introduction: The ecological relevance of chemically induced endocrine disruption in wildlife. Environ Health Perspect 114 (Suppl 1):7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones KC, Strafford JA, Waterhouse KS, Furlong ET, Giger W, Hites RA, Schaffner C, Johnson AE (1989) Increases in the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of an agricultural soil over the last century. Environ Science Technol 23:95–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Otazo HA, Clark JP, Diamond ML, Archbold JA, Ferguson G, Harner T, Richardson GM, Ryan JJ, Wilford B (2005) Is house dust the missing exposure path for PBDEs? An analysis of urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol 38:5121–5130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Feeny DH (1996) Measuring quality of life in the parents of children with asthma. Quality Life Res 5:27–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kattan M, Stearns S, Crain E, Stout J, Gergen P, Evans R, Visness CM, Gruchalla RS, Morgan WJ, O’Connor GT, Mastin JP, Mitchell HE (2005) Cost-effectiveness of a home-based environmental intervention for inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:1058–1063.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kercsmar CM, Dearborn DG, Schluchter M, Xue L, Kirchner HL, Sobolewski J, Greenberg SJ, Vesper SJ, Allan T (2006) Reduction in asthma morbidity in children as a result of home remediation aimed at moisture sources. Environ Health Perspect 114:1574–1580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim N, Ferguson J (1993) Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in house dust in Christchurch, New Zealand. Sci Total Environ 138:1–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolarik B, Naydenov K, Larsson M, Bornehag CG, Sundell J (2008) The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children. Envron Health Perpect 116:98–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger J, Takaro TK, Song L, Weaver M (2005) The Seattle-King County healthy homes project: A randomized, controlled trial of a community health worker intervention to decrease exposure to indoor asthma triggers. Am J Public Health 95:652–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz DA (1990) Long range transport of pesticides. Lewis, Ann Arbor MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanphear BP (1996) Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children’s blood lead. Am J Public Health 86:1416–1421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanphear BP, Esmond M, Jacobs DE, Weitzman M, Tanner M, Winter NL, Yaki B, Eberly S (1995). A side-by-side comparison of dust collection methods for sampling lead-contaminated house dust. Environ Res 68:114–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger D, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R (2005) Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: An international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113:894–899.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson LL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C, Della-Latta P (2004) Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: A randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Int Med 140:321–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung R, Koenig JQ, Simcox N, van Belle G, Fenske R, Gilbert SA (1997) Behavioral changes following participation in a home health promotion program in King County, Washington. Environ Health Perspect 105:1132–1135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RD (2002) The Removal of lead contaminated house dust from carpets and upholstery. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Renewal, Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RD, Condoor S, Batek J, Ong KH, Backer D, Sterling D, Siria J, Chen JJ, Ashley P (2006) Removal of lead contaminated dusts from hard surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 40:590–594.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RG (2005) Residential post-application exposure monitoring. In: Franklin CA, Worgan JP (eds) Occupational and incidental residential exposure assessment. Wiley, Sussex, pp. 71–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RG, Lee RE Jr. (1976) Air pollution from pesticides: Sources, occurrences, and dispersion. In: Lee RE Jr. (ed) Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 5-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RG, Fortmann RC, Camann DE (1994) Evaluation of methods for the monitoring of the potential exposure of small children to pesticides in the residential environment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 26:37–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RG, Fortune CR, Willis RD, Camann DE, Antley JT (1999) Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size. Environ Health Perspect 107:721–726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RG, Fortune CR, Blanchard FT, Camann DE (2001) Movement and deposition of two organophosphorus pesticides within residences after interior and exterior applications. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51:339–351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lioy PJ (2006) Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: The implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:207–224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lioy PJ, Wainman T, Weisel C (1993). A wipe sampler for the quantitative measurement of dust on smooth surfaces: Laboratory performance studies. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 3:315–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber M (2008) Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18:2–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis GB, Damstra T, Diaz-Barriga, Faustman E, Hass U, Kavlock R, Kimmel C, Kimmel G, Krishnan K, Luderer U, Sheldon L (2007) Principles for evaluating health risks in children associated with exposure to chemicals, Environmental Health Criteria 237. World Health Organization, United Nations, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Felkin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM (2005) Effect of hand washing on child health: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet 366:225–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma KC (1992) Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals, Vol. 1. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maertens RM, Bailey J, White PA (2004) The mutagenic hazards of settled house dust: A review. Mutat Res 567:401–425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens RM, Gagne RW, Douglas GR, Zhu J, White PA (2008a) Mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards of settled house dust. II. Salmonella mutagenicity. Environ Sci Technol 42:1754–1760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens RM, Yang X, Zhu J, Gagne RW, Douglas GR, White PA (2008b) Mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards of settled house dust. I. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cancer risk and preschool exposure. Environ Sci Technol 42:1747–1753.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahaffey KR, Annest JL (1985) Association of blood level, hand to mouth activity, and pica among children [Abstract]. Fed Proc 44:752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maki BE, Fernie GR (1990) Impact attenuation of floor coverings in simulated falling accidents. Ergonomics 21:107–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markel H (2007) Getting the lead out: The Rhode Island lead paint trials and their impact on children’s health. J Am Med Assoc 297:2773–2775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley LA, Lasarev MR, Higgens G, Rothlein J, Muniz J, Ebbert C, Phillips J (2001) Work characteristics and pesticide exposures among migrant agricultural families: A community-based research approach. Environ Health Perspect 109:533–538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley LA, Travers R, Lasarev M, Muniz J, Nailon R (2006) Effectiveness of cleaning practices in removing pesticides from home environments. J Agromed 11:81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaustland KA, Bond WW, Bradley DW, Ebert JW, Maynard JE (1982) Survival of hepatitis in feces after drying and storage for 1 month. J Clin Microbiol 16:957–958.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell LL, LeNoir JS, Datta S, Seiber J (1998) Wet deposition of current-use pesticides in the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1908–1916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R (2007) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites may alter thyroid hormone levels in men. Environ Health Perspect 115:1029–1034.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzie AC, MacDonell MM, Mumtaz M (2007) A phased approach for assessing combined effects from multiple stressors. Environ Health Perspect 115:807–816.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micallef A, Caldwell J, Colls J (1998) The influence of human activity on the vertical distribution of airborne particle concentration in confined environments: Preliminary results. Indoor Air 8:131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RL, Garfinkel R, Horton M, Camann D, Perera FP, Whyatt R, Kinney PL (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort. Chest 126:1071–1078.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan WJ, Crain EF, Gruchalla RS, O’Connor GT, Kattan M, Evans R, Stout J, Malindzak G, Smartt E, Plaut M, Walter M, Vaughn B, Mitchell H (2004) Results of a home-based environmental intervention among urban children with asthma. N Engl J Med 351:1068–1080.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moriwaki H, Takata Y, Arakaw R (2003) Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) in vacuum cleaner dust collected in Japanese homes. J Environ Monit 5:753–757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nenstiel RO, White GL, Aikens T (1997) Handwashing: A century of evidence ignored. Clin Rev 7:55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka MG, Burkholder HM, Brinkman MC, Gordon SM, Lewis RG (1996) Measuring transport of lawn-applied herbicide acids from turf to home: Correlation of dislodgeable 2,4-D turf residues with carpet dust and carpet surface residues. Environ Sci Technol 30:3313–3320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka MG, Burkholder HM, Brinkman MC, Lewis RG (1999) Distribution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in floor dust throughout homes following homeowner and commercial lawn applications: Quantitative effects of children, pets, and shoes. Environ Sci Technol 33:1359–1365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka MG, Lewis RG, Brinkman MC, Burkholder HM, Hines C (2001) Distribution of 2,4-D in air and on surfaces following lawn applications: Comparing exposure estimates for young children from various media. Environ Health Perspect 109:1185–1191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) (1987) Occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Fed Regist 52(223):46168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott WR (2006) Exposure analysis: A receptor-oriented science. In: Ott WR, Steinemann AC, Wallace LA (eds) Exposure analysis. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos A (1998) Semi- and non-volatile compounds in house dust. EUR 17748 EN, Joint Research Center, European Commission, Ispra, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perera FP, Rauh V, Whyatt RM, Tsai W-Y, Tang D, Diaz D, Hoepner L, Barr D, Tu YH, Camann D, Kinney P (2006) Effect of prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on neurodevelopment in the first three years of life among inner-city children. Environ Health Perspect 114:1287–1292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin JM, Bloom SH, Gortmaker SL (2007). The increase of childhood chronic conditions in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 297:2755–2759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope AM, Patterson R, Burge H (1993) Indoor allergens: Assessing and controlling health effects. Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primomo J, Johnston S, Dibase F, Nodolf J, Noren L (2006) Evaluation of a community-based outreach worker program for children with asthma. Public Health Nurs 23:234–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Que Hee SS, Peace B, Clark CS, Boyle JR, Bornstein RL, Hammond PB (1985). Evolution of efficient methods to sample lead sources, such as house dust and hand dust, in the homes of children. Environ Res 38:77–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen PE (2004) Can metal concentrations in indoor dust be predicted from soil geochemistry? Can J Anal Sci Spectrosc 49:166–174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen PE, Subramanian KS, Jessiman BJ (2001) A multi-element profile of house dust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Sci Total Environ 267:125–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riseborough RW (1990) Beyond long-range transport: A model of a global gas chromatographic system. In: Kurtz, DA (ed) Long range transport of pesticides. Lewis, Chelsea, MI, pp. 417–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW (2007) Reducing health risks from dust in the home. In: Dickey P (ed) Master home environmentalist training manual. American Lung Association of Washington, Seattle, WA, Chapter 4, pp. 4-1–4-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Dickey P (1995) Exposure of children to pollutants in house dust and indoor air. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 143:59–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Ott WR (2006) Exposure to pollutants from house dust. In: Ott WR, Steinemann AC, Wallace LA (eds) Exposure analysis. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 319–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Ruby MG, Warren GR (1987) Mutagenic activity in house dust. In: Sandu SS, DeMarini DM, Mass MJ, Moore MM, Mumfod JL (eds) Short-term bioassays in the analysis of complex mixtures. Plenum, New York, pp. 355–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Budd WT, Ruby, MG, Bond AE, Lewis RG, Wiener RG, Wiener W, Camann D (1991a). Development and field testing of a high volume sampler for pesticides and toxics in dust. J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 1:143–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Camann DE, Spittler TM (1991b) Reducing lead exposure from remodeling and soil track-in in older homes. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management, Paper No. 134.2, June 16–21, 1991, Vancouver, Canada. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Budd WT, Ruby MG, Stamper JR, Camann DE, Sheldon LS, Lewis RG (1991c). A high volume small surface sampler (HVS3) for pesticides and other toxics in house dust. In: Proceedings of the 84th National Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Paper No. 91-150.2, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Crutcher III ER, Crutcher IV ER, Glass G, Spittler T (1996) Quantitative analysis of road and carpet dust on shoes. In: Measurement of toxic and related air pollutants, May 7–9, 1996, Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 829–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Clifford WS, Glass G, Hummer PG (1999) Reducing dust, lead, bacteria, and fungi in carpets by vacuuming. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36:477–484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JW, Glass G, Mickelson L (2004) A pilot study of the measurement and control of deep dust, surface dust, and lead in 10 old carpets using the 3-spot test while vacuuming. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48:16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodes CE, Peters TM, Lawless PA, Wallace LA (1996) Aerosol sampling biases in personal exposure measurements. [Abstract]. Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Society of Exposure Analysis, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudel RA, Camann DE, Spengler JD, Korn LR, Brody JG (2003) Phthalates, alkylphenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environ Sci Technol 37:4543–4553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudel RA, Seryak LM, Brody JG (2008) PCB-containing wood floor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents’ blood, household air and dust: A case study of exposure. Environ Health 7:2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salam MS, Li YF, Langholtz B, Gilliland FD (2003) Early life risk factors for asthma: Findings from the children’s health study. Environ Health Perspect 112(6):760–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandora TJ, Taveras, Chih MC, Resncik EA, Lee GM, Ross-Degnan D, Goldman (2005) A randomized, controlled trial of a multifaceted intervention including alcohol-based hand sanitizer and hygiene education to reduce illness transmission in the home. Pediatrics 116(3):587–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Wiecek EM, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Herbison GP, Silva PA, Poulton R (2003) A longitudinal, population-based study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 349:1414–1422.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selgrade MK, Lemanske RF, Gilmour MI, Neas LM, Ward MDW, Henneberger PK, Weissman DN, Hoppin JA, Dietert RR, Sly PD, Geller AM, Enright PL, Backus GS, Bromberg PS, Germolec DR, Yeatts KB (2006) Induction of asthma and the environment: What we know and need to know. Environ Health Perspect 114:615–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon L, Clayton A, Keever J, Perritt R, Whittaker D (1992) PTEAM: Monitoring phthalates and PAHs in indoor and outdoor air samples in Riverside. California Air Resource Board, Sacramento, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siefert B, Becker K, Dieter H, Krause C, Schultz C, Siewert M (2000) The German environmental survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): Reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 10:552–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simcox NJ, Fenske RA, Wolz SA, Lee IC, Kalman DA (1995) Pesticides in household dust and soil. Environ Health Perspect 103:1126–1134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smucker SJ (2004) Region IX preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) table. Memorandum from the Technical Support Section, U.S. EPA, Region 9, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahlhut RW, Wijngaarden EV, Dye TD, Cook S, Swan SH (2007) Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environ Health Perspect 115:876–882.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton HM, Dodder MG, Offenberg JH, Schantz MM, Wise SA (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint. Environ Sci Technol 38:925–931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton HM, Allen JG, Kelly SM, Konstantinov A, Klosterhaus S, Watkins D, McClean MD, Webster TF (2008). Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol 42:6910–6916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan SD, Weiss KB, Lynn H, Mitchell H, Gergen PJ, Evans R (2002) The cost-effectiveness of inner-city asthma intervention for children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:576–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, Stewart SL, Kruse RL, Calafat AM, Mao CS, Redmond JB, Ternand CL, Sullivan S, Teague JL, and Study for Future Families Research Team (2005) Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 113:1056–1061.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takaro TK, Krieger J, Song L, Beaudet N (2004) Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14 (Suppl 1):S133–S143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher TL, Layton DW (1995) Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence. Atmos Environ 29:1487–1497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer KA, Meinick R, Burns K, Davis D, Huff J (2005) Fundamental flaws of hormesis for public health decisions. Environ Health Perspect 113:1271–1276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson B, Coronado GD, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Fenske RA, IKlessel JC, Sirai JH, Faustman EM (2008) Para Ninos Saludables: A community intervention trial to reduce organophosphate pesticide exposure in children of farmworkers. Environ Health Perspect 116:687–694.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne PS, Kulhánková K, Yin M, Cohn R, Arbes SJ Jr, Zeldin DC (2005) Endotoxin exposure is a risk factor for asthma: The National Survey of Endotoxin in United States Housing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:1371–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlin CDS (2000) The pesticide manual, 12th Ed. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonne CC, Whyatt RM, Camann DE, Perera FP, Kinney PL (2004) Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City. Environ Health Perspect 112:754–759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TOXNET (2007) Toxicology data network. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC. http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/main/chemPage.jsp?chem=Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene).

  • Trichopoulos D, Li FP, Hunter DJ (1996) What causes cancer? Sci Am 275:80–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1987) Unfinished business: A comparative assessment of environmental problems. Overview. EPA 400:02. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1989) Development of a high volume surface sampler for pesticides in floor dust. EPA 600/4-88/036. U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1990) Reducing risk: Setting priorities and strategies for environmental protection. EPAS SAB-EC-900-021. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1995) Sampling house dust for lead: Basic concepts and literature review. EPA 600-R-95-007. U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1996a) Exposure factors handbook, Report No. 600/P-95/002. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1996b) Evaluation of dust samplers for bare floors and upholstery. EPA/600/R-96/001. U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (1997) Summary and assessment of published information on determining lead exposures and mitigating lead hazards associated with dust and soil in residential carpets, furniture, and forced air ducts. EPA 747-S-97-001. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (2000) Analysis of aged in-home carpeting to determine the distribution of pesticide residues between dust, carpet, and pad compartments. EPA/600/R-00/030. U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ord/WebPubs/carpet/600r00030.pdf

  • U.S. EPA (2002) Child specific exposure factors handbook. Report No. 600-P-002B. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (2003) America’s children and the environment: Measures of contaminants, body burdens, and illnesses, 2nd Ed. EPA 240-R-03-001. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (2004) Pesticide industry sales and usage, 2000 and 2001 market estimates. Report No. 733-R-02-001. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/

  • U.S. EPA (2007) Important exposure factors for children: An analysis of laboratory and observations data characterizing cumulative exposure to pesticides. March 2007. National Exposure Research Laboratory. Office of Research and Development Research, Triangle Park, NC. EPA 600/R-07/013. http://www.epa.gov/nerl/research/data/exposure-factors.pdf

  • Walsh B (2006) PVC elimination prominent in green hospitals. Healthy Building News, 11 Oct.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward M, Lubin J, Giglierano J, Colt JS, Woter C, Bekiroglu N, Camann D, Hartge P, Nuckols JR (2006) Proximity to crops and residential exposure to agricultural herbicides in Iowa. Environ Health Perspect 114:893–897.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward MH, Colt JS, Metayer C, Gunier RB, Lubin J, Nishioka MG, Reynolds P, Buffler PA (2008) Residential exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia. Abstract 1090, ISEE/ISEA 2008 Joint Annual Conference, Pasadena, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rogers GC Jr, Klein-Schwartz W, Reid N, Youniss J, Flanagan A, Wruk KM (2005) Annual report of the American association of poison control center’s toxic exposure surveillance system. Am J Emerg Med 23:589–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Morgan MK, Lordo RA, Sheldon LS (2007) An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, Bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol at home and daycare. Environ Res 103:9–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Takaro TK (2007) Childhood asthma and environmental interventions. Environ Health Perspect 115:971–975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu N, Herrmann T, Paeke O, Tickner J, Hale R, Harvey E, La Guardia M, McClean MD, Webster TF (2007) Human exposure to PBDEs: Association of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 41:1585–1589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeldin DC, Eggleston P, Chapman M, Piedimonte G, Renz H, Peden D (2006) How exposure to biologics influence the induction and incidence of asthma. Environ Health Perspect 114:620–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Barbara Tombleson and Diane Dishion for their help in preparing and proofreading the manuscript as well as Bill Budd, Russell E. Crutcher, Greg Glass, Peter Hummer, Leah Michelson, and Michael G. Ruby for their contribution to house dust research presented in this manuscript. We also thank an anonymous reviewer for a very detailed review resulting in a much-improved manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, retired, 11568 Woodhollow Court, Reston, VA, 22091, USA

    Lance A. Wallace

Authors
  1. John W. Roberts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lance A. Wallace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David E. Camann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Philip Dickey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Steven G. Gilbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Robert G. Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Tim K. Takaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lance A. Wallace .

Editor information

David M. Whitacre

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roberts, J.W. et al. (2009). Monitoring and Reducing Exposure of Infants to Pollutants in House Dust. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol 201. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 201. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0032-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation