Age, sex, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics, comorbidities and falls in a cohort of English men and women aged 60 years and over with no frailty and with prefrailty, respectively, in 2004 (baseline)
| 1396 participants with no frailty in 2004 | 1178 participants prefrail in 2004 | |||||||
| Overall | Good vision | Poor vision | p Value | Overall | Good vision | Poor vision | p Value | |
| Totals, n (%) | 1396 (100) | 1303 (93) | 93 (7) | 1178 (100) | 1010 (86) | 168 (14) | ||
| Age in years, n (%) | ||||||||
| 60–69 | 864 (62) | 827 (64) | 37 (40) | <0.01 | 568 (48) | 502 (50) | 66 (39) | <0.01 |
| 70–79 | 459 (33) | 415 (32) | 44 (47) | 455 (39) | 388 (38) | 67 (40) | ||
| 80+ | 73 (5) | 61 (5) | 12 (13) | 155 (13) | 120 (12) | 35 (21) | ||
| Male gender, n (%) | 785 (56) | 734 (56) | 51 (55) | 0.78 | 413 (35) | 348 (35) | 65 (39) | 0.29 |
| Wealth, n (%) | ||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 112 (8) | 94 (7) | 18 (20) | <0.01 | 195 (17) | 158 (16) | 37 (23) | <0.01 |
| 2 | 204 (15) | 191 (15) | 13 (14) | 264 (22) | 215 (21) | 49 (30) | ||
| 3 | 278 (20) | 262 (20) | 16 (18) | 242 (21) | 207 (21) | 35 (22) | ||
| 4 | 346 (25) | 326 (25) | 20 (22) | 236 (20) | 212 (21) | 24 (15) | ||
| 5 (highest) | 436 (31) | 412 (32) | 24 (26) | 230 (20) | 212 (21) | 18 (11) | ||
| No education, n (%) | 420 (30) | 383 (29) | 37 (40) | 0.04 | 507 (43) | 426 (42) | 81 (48) | 0.14 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 103 (7) | 94 (7) | 9 (10) | 0.38 | 162 (14) | 133 (13) | 29 (17) | 0.15 |
| Body mass index, mean±SD | 27.2 (3.9) | 27.2 (3.9) | 27.1 (4.4) | 0.70 | 27.9 (4.8) | 27.9 (4.8) | 28.3 (4.7) | 0.32 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 560 (40) | 517 (40) | 43 (46) | 0.21 | 583 (50) | 491 (49) | 92 (55) | 0.14 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 195 (14) | 173 (13) | 22 (24) | 0.01 | 213 (18) | 172 (17) | 41 (24) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 90 (6) | 80 (6) | 10 (11) | 0.08 | 121 (10) | 92 (9) | 29 (17) | <0.01 |
| Cognitive function, mean±SD | 14.2 (3.3) | 14.3 (3.1) | 13.5 (3.2) | 0.03 | 13.7 (3.4) | 13.6 (3.4) | 12.8 (3.2) | <0.01 |
| Depression symptoms, n (%) | 149 (11) | 136 (11) | 13 (14) | 0.29 | 362 (31) | 302 (30) | 60 (36) | 0.11 |
| History of falls, n (%) | 347 (25) | 320 (25) | 27 (29) | 0.34 | 396 (34) | 326 (32) | 70 (42) | 0.02 |