Unadjusted and fully adjusted ORs and β coefficients (with 95% CIs) for the relationship between paid work beyond SPA and health among men and women
| Depression | Sleep disturbance | Somatic health | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | Fully adjusted model* | Unadjusted model | Fully adjusted model* | Unadjusted model | Fully adjusted model* | |
| Men | ||||||
| In paid work | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.90) | 1.21 (0.53 to 2.75) | 0.64 (0.41 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.60 to 1.67) | 0.323 (0.207 to 0.439) | 0.059 (−0.033 to 0.152) |
| Weak labour attachment† | 3.64 (2.06 to 6.42) | 1.76 (0.86 to 3.58) | 1.62 (1.02 to 2.59) | 0.98 (0.56 to 1.72) | −0.194 (−0.315 to −0.073) | −0.044 (−0.116 to 0.029) |
| Continuous work up to 59† | 1.57 (0.94 to 2.59) | 1.16 (0.64 to 2.10) | 1.28 (0.90 to 1.81) | 1.10 (0.74 to 1.65) | −0.121 (−0.212 to −0.031) | 0.078 (−0.021 to 0.177) |
| Depression‡ | 12.7 (8.09 to 19.8) | 7.57 (4.49 to 12.7) | 3.68 (2.48 to 5.47) | 2.28 (1.46 to 3.57) | −0.409 (−0.525 to −0.293) | −0.093 (−0.191 to 0.004) |
| Somatic health | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.39) | 0.56 (0.35 to 0.88) | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.44) | 0.45 (0.32 to 0.64) | 0.692 (0.639 to 0.745) | 0.704 (0.640 to 0.766) |
| Smoker§ | 2.59 (1.61 to 4.15) | 1.33 (0.70 to 2.43) | 1.87 (1.25 to 2.80) | 1.28 (0.76 to 1.92) | −0.149 (−0.267 to −0.031) | −0.011 (−0.102 to 0.080) |
| No vigorous physical activity¶ | 2.61 (1.43 to 4.79) | 1.77 (0.85 to 3.66) | 2.24 (1.49 to 3.35) | 1.50 (0.96 to 2.33) | −0.318 (−0.414 to −0.222) | −0.089 (−0.165 to −0.013) |
| Age | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) | −0.024 (−0.038 to −0.009) | −0.013 (−0.024 to −0.001) |
| Not married** | 2.93 (1.93 to 4.45) | 1.99 (1.18 to 3.39) | 1.28 (0.89 to 1.82) | 0.91 (0.60 to 1.40) | −0.103 (−0.205 to −0.021) | −0.023 (−0.105 to 0.057) |
| No education†† | 2.81 (1.62 to 4.86) | 1.09 (0.53 to 2.23) | 2.09 (1.41 to 3.09) | 1.29 (0.81 to 2.04) | −0.361 (−0.463 to −0.258) | −0.136 (−0.224 to −0.049) |
| Some education†† | 1.85 (1.06 to 3.25) | 1.54 (0.80 to 2.99) | 1.39 (0.94 to 2.05) | 1.18 (0.77 to 1.80) | −0.144 (−0.243 to −0.045) | −0.037 (−0.116 to 0.041) |
| Not in the highest wealth quintile‡‡ | 3.26 (1.61 to 6.58) | 2.11 (0.94 to 4.74) | 1.71 (1.14 to 2.58) | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.70) | −0.302 (−0.404 to −0.198) | −0.056 (−0.138 to 0.027) |
| Mortgage§§ | 0.98 (0.48 to 1.97) | 0.78 (0.34 to 1.79) | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.48) | 0.75 (0.43 to 1.30) | −0.021 (−0.155 to 0.113) | 0.007 (−0.096 to 0.109) |
| Rent§§ | 3.43 (2.15 to 5.46) | 1.06 (0.57 to 2.00) | 2.07 (1.37 to 3.11) | 1.10 (0.67 to 1.79) | −0.238 (−0.358 to −0.118) | 0.068 (−0.030 to 0.164) |
| Cared for sick/disabled adult¶¶ | 1.62 (89 to 2.96) | 2.57 (1.24 to 5.31) | 0.99 (0.59 to 1.66) | 1.13 (0.64 to 1.92) | 0.165 (0.020 to 0.311) | 0.061 (−0.047 to 0.170) |
| 2+ periods of ill health*** | 3.50 (2.15 to 5.69) | 1.94 (1.06 to 3.57) | 2.45 (1.61 to 3.72) | 1.48 (0.98 to 2.36) | −0.561 (−0.674 to −0.447) | −0.216 (−0.310 to −0.121) |
| SRH in childhood=fair/poor††† | 2.33 (1.34 to 4.06) | 1.94 (1.03 to 3.68) | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.05) | 1.00 (0.60 to 1.67) | −0.256 (−0.387 to −0.125) | −0.091 (−0.189 to 0.004) |
| Total respondents (N) | 867 | 867 | 766 | |||
| Women | ||||||
| In paid work | 0.57 (0.40 to 0.80) | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.58) | 0.73 (0.54 to 0.97) | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.50) | 0.292 (0.209 to 0.374) | 0.004 (−0.062 to 0.071) |
| Weak labour attachment† | 1.31 (0.91 to 1.89) | 1.09 (0.67 to 1.78) | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.41) | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.15) | −0.103 (−0.200 to −0.006) | 0.004 (−0.004 to 0.011) |
| Paid work up to SPA with family care interruptions† | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.96) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.41) | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.21) | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.53) | 0.125 (0.040 to 0.210) | 0.012 (−0.053 to 0.077) |
| Depression‡ | 6.57 (4.85 to 8.91) | 4.35 (3.10 to 6.09) | 3.28 (2.47 to 4.37) | 2.10 (1.52 to 2.90) | −0.479 (−0.561 to −0.396) | −0.101 (−0.167 to −0.034) |
| Somatic health | 0.29 (0.22 to 0.37) | 0.46 (0.33 to 0.63) | 0.29 (0.23 to 0.37) | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.44) | 0.728 (0.685 to 0.771) | 0.689 (0.636 to 0.741) |
| Smoker§ | 1.69 (1.19 to 2.40) | 1.27 (0.83 to 1.92) | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.35) | 0.72 (0.52 to 1.21) | −0.196 (−0.297 to −0.096) | −0.036 (−0.110 to 0.037) |
| No vigorous physical activity¶ | 1.92 (1.29 to 2.83) | 1.13 (0.73 to 1.77) | 1.18 (0.85 to 1.62) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.98) | −0.320 (−0.411 to −0.229) | −0.067 (−0.135 to −0.001) |
| Age | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | −0.013 (−0.025 to −0.001) | −0.006 (−0.016 to 0.003) |
| Not married** | 1.54 (1.16 to 2.05) | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.43) | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.46) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.20) | −0.137 (−0.215 to −0.058) | −0.029 (−0.089 to 0.031) |
| No education†† | 1.47 (1.02 to 2.12) | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.29) | 1.55 (1.10 to 2.19) | 1.25 (0.83 to 1.87) | −0.217 (−0.314 to −0.121) | −0.028 (−0.102 to 0.045) |
| Some education†† | 1.23 (0.85 to 1.78) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.50) | 1.64 (1.17 to 2.29) | 1.51 (1.05 to 2.19) | −0.111 (−0.205 to −0.017) | −0.020 (−0.087 to 0.049) |
| Not in the highest wealth quintile‡‡ | 1.99 (1.35 to 2.95) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.82) | 1.72 (1.22 to 2.40) | 1.17 (0.80 to 1.71) | −0.300 (−0.390 to −0.210) | −0.037 (−0.105 to 0.032) |
| Mortgage§§ | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.40) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.50) | 1.10 (0.80 to 1.52) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42) | −0.011 (−0.105 to 0.083) | −0.003 (−0.073 to 0.067) |
| Rent§§ | 2.47 (1.69 to 3.58) | 1.79 (1.14 to 2.82) | 1.72 (1.20 to 2.48) | 1.36 (0.88 to 2.09) | −0.299 (−0.412 to −0.187) | −0.036 (−0.121 to 0.049) |
| Cared <15 hours/week¶¶ | 1.25 (0.76 to 2.03) | 1.54 (0.88 to 2.66) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.44) | 0.96 (0.57 to 1.60) | 0.003 (−0.137 to 0.144) | −0.060 (−0.159 to 0.039) |
| Cared 15+ hours/week¶¶ | 0.99 (0.59 to 1.63) | 1.17 (0.66 to 2.09) | 0.69 (0.42 to 1.12) | 0.67 (0.38 to 1.16) | −0.085 (−0.222 to 0.053) | −0.138 (−0.234 to −0.041) |
| 2+ periods of ill health*** | 2.28 (1.61 to 3.22) | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.78) | 2.17 (1.56 to 3.02) | 1.11 (0.73 to 1.68) | −0.642 (−0.732 to −0.552) | −0.253 (−0.328 to −0.179) |
| SRH in childhood=fair/poor††† | 1.78 (1.23 to 2.58) | 1.22 (0.81 to 1.86) | 1.67 (1.18 to 2.38) | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.75) | −0.278 (−0.380 to −0.176) | −0.005 (−0.079 to 0.069) |
| Total respondents (N) | 1172 | 1172 | 1045 | |||
Source: ELSA 2004/2005, 2006/2007, 2008/2009, ELSA life history, nurse visits at wave 2 and wave 4.
*The fully adjusted model controls for wave 2 demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, labour market history and life-course health.
Reference categories †continuous work up to 59 years of age; ‡no depression at W2; §not a smoker at W2; ¶vigorous physical activity at W2; **married or cohabiting; ††high education; ‡‡in the highest wealth quintile; §§own outright; ¶¶no care provided; ***1 or no periods of ill health in adulthood; †††SRH in childhood=good, very good, excellent. Own calculations.
ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; SPA, state pension age; W2, wave 2; SRH, self-rated health.