Age-adjusted mortality rates (per 1000 population) and rate ratios for all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality across income quintile, by immigrant status and sex, Ontario, Canada, 2002–2012
| Cause of death; income quintile* | Immigrants | Long-term residents | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||
| AAMR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | AAMR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | AAMR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | AAMR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| All-cause | ||||||||
| IQ1 | 20.18 (19.11 to 21.32) | 1.56 (1.35 to 1.79) | 12.51 (11.80 to 13.26) | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.43) | 57.67 (54.21 to 61.35) | 1.74 (1.54 to 1.96) | 36.76 (34.40 to 39.27) | 1.65 (1.50 to 1.81) |
| IQ2 | 16.91 (15.95 to 17.93) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.49) | 11.22 (10.55 to 11.93) | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.28) | 46.80 (43.98 to 49.79) | 1.42 (1.25 to 1.60) | 29.34 (27.45 to 31.35) | 1.32 (1.20 to 1.45) |
| IQ3 | 16.29 (15.34 to 17.31) | 1.26 (1.09 to 1.45) | 11.07 (10.39 to 11.79) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.26) | 41.03 (38.56 to 43.66) | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.39) | 26.16 (24.47 to 27.96) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.29) |
| IQ4 | 14.96 (14.05 to 15.93) | 1.14 (0.99 to 1.32) | 10.70 (10.02 to 11.42) | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.23) | 38.02 (35.72 to 40.46) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.30) | 24.37 (22.80 to 26.05) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.20) |
| IQ5 | 13.32 (12.43 to 14.26) | 1.00 (ref.) | 9.88 (9.21 to 10.60) | 1.00 (ref.) | 33.25 (31.24 to 35.39) | 1.00 (ref.) | 22.31 (20.87 to 23.86) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Premature mortality | ||||||||
| IQ1 | 9.26 (8.78 to 9.78) | 1.63 (1.40 to 1.91) | 5.31 (5.00 to 5.64) | 1.37 (1.23 to 1.54) | 26.76 (25.50 to 28.07) | 1.94 (1.71 to 2.21) | 16.23 (15.49 to 17.00) | 1.88 (1.74 to 1.34) |
| IQ2 | 7.67 (7.23 to 8.13) | 1.34 (1.15 to 1.57) | 4.67 (4.37 to 4.98) | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.35) | 21.07 (20.07 to 22.11) | 1.54 (1.35 to 1.75) | 12.49 (11.91 to 13.10) | 1.44 (1.34 to 1.55) |
| IQ3 | 7.10 (6.67 to 7.55) | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.49) | 4.56 (4.26 to 4.88) | 1.17 (1.04 to 1.32) | 17.85 (17.00 to 18.75) | 1.29 (1.14 to 1.47) | 10.70 (10.19 to 11.22) | 1.24 (1.15 to 1.33) |
| IQ4 | 6.31 (5.91 to 6.74) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.32) | 4.08 (3.79 to 4.39) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.21) | 16.20 (15.42 to 17.01) | 1.18 (1.04 to 1.34) | 9.76 (9.30 to 10.24) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) |
| IQ5 | 5.77 (5.35 to 6.22) | 1.00 (ref.) | 3.82 (3.51 to 4.15) | 1.00 (ref.) | 13.80 (13.13 to 14.50) | 1.00 (ref.) | 8.64 (8.23 to 9.08) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Amenable to medical care and public health | ||||||||
| IQ1 | 4.13 (3.68 to 4.63) | 2.20 (1.81 to 2.67) | 0.85 (0.71 to 1.02) | 1.96 (1.38 to 2.76) | 12.50 (12.03 to 13.00) | 2.37 (2.23 to 2.52) | 4.02 (3.69 to 4.39) | 3.32 (2.79 to 3.95) |
| IQ2 | 3.27 (2.87 to 3.72) | 1.74 (1.42 to 2.13) | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.87) | 1.62 (1.13 to 2.32) | 9.00 (8.65 to 9.37) | 1.70 (1.60 to 1.81) | 2.69 (2.47 to 2.94) | 2.18 (1.84 to 2.58) |
| IQ3 | 3.18 (2.78 to 3.64) | 1.71 (1.39 to 2.10) | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.83) | 1.56 (1.08 to 2.25) | 7.69 (7.38 to 8.01) | 1.45 (1.36 to 1.55) | 2.03 (1.86 to 2.22) | 1.63 (1.38 to 1.93) |
| IQ4 | 2.37 (2.03 to 2.78) | 1.27 (1.02 to 1.58) | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.62) | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.66) | 6.57 (6.30 to 6.85) | 1.24 (1.16 to 1.32) | 1.71 (1.56 to 1.87) | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.60) |
| IQ5 | 1.85 (1.53 to 2.25) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.43 (0.32 to 0.58) | 1.00 (ref.) | 5.30 (5.07 to 5.53) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.29 (1.16 to 1.42) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Amenable to medical care | ||||||||
| IQ1 | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.13) | 1.74 (1.29 to 2.35) | 1.10 (0.94 to 1.28) | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.63) | 3.37 (3.11 to 3.66) | 2.21 (1.79 to 2.74) | 3.58 (3.45 to 3.72) | 1.79 (1.70 to 1.89) |
| IQ2 | 0.69 (0.58 to 0.81) | 1.21 (0.89 to 1.65) | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.11) | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.43) | 2.58 (2.37 to 2.80) | 1.72 (1.39 to 2.12) | 2.87 (2.76 to 2.99) | 1.44 (1.36 to 1.52) |
| IQ3 | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.73) | 1.13 (0.83 to 1.55) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.10) | 1.21 (1.03 to 1.41) | 1.99 (1.83 to 2.16) | 1.32 (1.07 to 1.63) | 2.48 (2.38 to 2.58) | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.30) |
| IQ4 | 0.49 (0.40 to 0.59) | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.22) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.96) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.24) | 1.88 (1.73 to 2.05) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.60) | 2.29 (2.21 to 2.39) | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.21) |
| IQ5 | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.67) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.44 (1.31 to 1.58) | 1.00 (ref.) | 2.01 (1.93 to 2.09) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Amenable to public health | ||||||||
| IQ1 | 1.51 (1.32 to 1.73) | 1.90 (1.51 to 2.38) | 0.62 (0.51 to 0.74) | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.48) | 3.79 (3.43 to 4.18) | 1.97 (1.71 to 2.27) | 2.18 (1.99 to 2.38) | 1.80 (1.49 to 2.18) |
| IQ2 | 1.24 (1.07 to 1.44) | 1.54 (1.21 to 1.94) | 0.59 (0.48 to 0.71) | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.38) | 3.12 (2.83 to 3.45) | 1.62 (1.41 to 1.87) | 1.72 (1.58 to 1.87) | 1.46 (1.21 to 1.77) |
| IQ3 | 1.10 (0.94 to 1.28) | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.69) | 0.51 (0.42 to 0.63) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.22) | 2.67 (2.41 to 2.95) | 1.38 (1.20 to 1.59) | 1.51 (1.38 to 1.64) | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.55) |
| IQ4 | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.16) | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.56) | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57) | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.08) | 2.31 (2.08 to 2.55) | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.38) | 1.32 (1.21 to 1.44) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.37) |
| IQ5 | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.02) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.58 (0.46 to 0.73) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.93 (1.74 to 2.15) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Trends differed in a statistically significant manner across immigration status in females for all-cause (p-interaction =0.0025) and premature (p-interaction <0.0001) mortality, deaths amenable to medical care (p-interaction =0.0027) and deaths amenable to medical care and public health (p-interaction =0.0178).
*Income quintile one refers to the poorest income quintile; income quintile five refers to the richest income quintile. Area-level income information was used.
AAMR, age-adjusted mortality rate; CI, confidence interval; IQ, income quintile; Ref, reference group; RR, rate ratio.