Return on investment of national public health programmes: specific studies
| Reference | Intervention | Population | Benefit-cost ratio | Return on investment | Cost perspective | Discount rate | Time horizon | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abelson et al10 | Hib vaccination | Australia | 1.06 | Medical | 5% | 15 years | ++ | |
| Abelson et al10 | HIV/AIDS prevention | Australia | 4 | Medical | 5% | 25 years | ++ | |
| Abelson et al10 | Measles vaccination | Australia | 167 | Medical | 5% | 33 years | ++ | |
| Abelson et al10 | Programmes to reduce rates of coronary heart disease | Australia | 11 | Medical | 5% | 40 years | ++ | |
| Abelson et al10 | Programmes to reduce tobacco consumption | Australia | 2 | Medical | 5% | 40 years | ++ | |
| Abelson et al10 | Road safety campaigns | Australia | 3 | Medical | 5% | 40 years | ++ | |
| Boccalini et al32 | Universal hepatitis B vaccination | Italy | €2.78 | Medical and societal | 3% | 20 years | ++ | |
| Bonin et al58 | Parenting programmes for the prevention of persistent conduct disorders | England | 7.89 | Medical and societal | 3.5% | 35 years | ++ | |
| Drummond11 | Needle exchange | Australia | 1.2 | Public health | 5% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Evans-Lacko et al12 | Antistigma social marketing campaign | England | £0.7 to £1.90 | Unclear | None | 1 year | - | |
| Garpenholt et al38 | Hib vaccination | Sweden | 1.59 | Societal | 5% | 20 years | ++ | |
| Gortmaker et al15 | Sugar sweetened beverage tax | USA | $55 | Medical | 3% | 10 years | ++ | |
| Gortmaker et al15 | Eliminating tax subsidy of nutritionally poor food advertising to children | USA | $38 | Medical | 3% | 10 years | ++ | |
| Gould8 | Lead paint control | USA | $17 to $221 | Medical and societal | None | Unclear | − | |
| Holtgrave et al34 | HIV counselling, testing, referral and partner notification services | USA | 20.09 | Societal | 6% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Hutchinson et al35 | Expanded HIV testing | USA | $1.46 to $2.01 | Health sector | 3% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Kwon et al36 | Needle exchange | Australia | $A1.3 to $A5.5 | Health sector | 3% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Lokkerbol et al55 | Telemedicine for depression | The Netherlands | €1.45 to €1.76 | Medical | 1.5% costs, 4% effects | 5 years | ++ | |
| McGuire et al14 | Family planning services | UK | 11.09 to 29.39 | Medical | 6% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Miller et al16 | Booster seats for 4–7 years olds | USA | 8.6 | Medical | 3% | 3 years | ++ | |
| Nguyen et al37 | Needle exchange | USA | $3.48 | Medical | None | 1 year | + | |
| Nichol et al7 | Influenza vaccination of healthy workers | USA | −$21.27 to +$174.32 | Societal | 3% | 1 year | + | |
| Romano et al40 | Folic acid fortification of grain | USA | 4.3 to 6.1 | Human capital | 4% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Trust for America13 | Primary and secondary prevention programmes | USA | $6.2 | Medical | 0% | 10–20 years | + | |
| Wang et al50 | Universal school nursing services | USA | $2.20 | Societal | None | 1 year | + | |
| White et al28 | MMR vaccination | USA | 14 | Medical | 10% | Lifetime | ++ | |
| Ding et al30 | Hospital-based postpartum influenza vaccination | USA | $1.7 | Medical and societal | 3% | 1 year | ++ | |
| Zhou et al38 | Hib vaccination | USA | 5.4 | Medical and societal | 3% | Lifetime | ++ |
Hib, haemophilus influenzae type b; MMR, measles, mumps and rubella.