Unadjusted and adjusted associations between birth anthropometric measures and ADHD/attention difficulties in ALSPAC and Pelotas cohorts
| Variable | Unadjusted* | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Attention difficulties (SDQ) | |||||||||
| ALSPAC | |||||||||
| Low birth weight | 1.66 | 1.16 to 2.36 | 0.005 | 1.69 | 1.17 to 2.42 | 0.005 | 1.46 | 0.98 to 2.17 | 0.060 |
| Small-for-gestational age | 1.71 | 1.33 to 2.19 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.23 to 2.14 | 0.001 | 1.59 | 1.20 to 2.19 | 0.001 |
| Small head circumference | 1.92 | 1.39 to 2.67 | <0.001 | 1.73 | 1.20 to 2.50 | 0.003 | 1.64 | 1.11 to 2.41 | 0.012 |
| Preterm birth | 1.44 | 1.03 to 2.01 | 0.031 | 1.44 | 1.03 to 2.01 | 0.031 | 1.37 | 0.95 to 1.98 | 0.094 |
| Pelotas | |||||||||
| Low birth weight | 1.35 | 0.97 to 1.88 | 0.077 | 1.31 | 0.94 to 1.83 | 0.114 | 1.21 | 0.86 to 1.71 | 0.287 |
| Small-for-gestational age | 1.47 | 1.14 to 1.89 | 0.003 | 1.43 | 1.10 to 1.84 | 0.007 | 1.35 | 1.04 to 1.75 | 0.023 |
| Small head circumference | 1.31 | 1.00 to 1.71 | 0.047 | 1.32 | 1.01 to 1.72 | 0.043 | 1.17 | 0.89 to 1.54 | 0.256 |
| Preterm birth | 1.10 | 0.83 to 1.46 | 0.513 | 1.03 | 0.77 to 1.37 | 0.848 | 0.99 | 0.74 to 1.32 | 0.938 |
| Any ADHD disorder (DAWBA) | |||||||||
| ALSPAC | |||||||||
| Low birth weight | 2.13 | 1.11 to 4.11 | 0.024 | 2.13 | 1.11 to 4.12 | 0.024 | 2.29 | 1.09 to 4.80 | 0.029 |
| Small-for-gestational age | 0.83 | 0.42 to 1.63 | 0.583 | 0.83 | 0.42 to 1.63 | 0.583 | 0.65 | 0.30 to 1.41 | 0.275 |
| Small head circumference | 1.05 | 0.46 to 2.40 | 0.917 | 1.05 | 0.46 to 2.40 | 0.917 | 1.06 | 0.43 to 2.65 | 0.896 |
| Preterm birth | 2.23 | 1.24 to 3.99 | 0.007 | 2.23 | 1.24 to 3.99 | 0.007 | 2.33 | 1.23 to 4.42 | 0.009 |
| Pelotas | |||||||||
| Low birth weight | 0.83 | 0.36 to 1.92 | 0.668 | 0.81 | 0.35 to 1.87 | 0.618 | 0.78 | 0.34 to 1. 80 | 0.560 |
| Small-for-gestational age | 1.77 | 1.07 to 2.94 | 0.027 | 1.71 | 1.03 to 2.84 | 0.038 | 1.69 | 1.02 to 2.82 | 0.043 |
| Small head circumference | 0.91 | 0.48 to 1.72 | 0.764 | 0.87 | 0.46 to 1.65 | 0.671 | 0.85 | 0.45 to 1.62 | 0.630 |
| Preterm birth | 0.95 | 0.50 to 1.79 | 0.863 | 0.90 | 0.48 to 1.71 | 0.754 | 0.87 | 0.46 to 1.65 | 0.664 |
*Adjusted for age at time of testing.
†Adjusted for age at time of testing and maternal, family and demographic variables (maternal education, income, maternal age at delivery).
‡Adjusted for model 1 and gestational (smoking, alcohol use, and depression during pregnancy) and perinatal variables (mode of delivery and Apgar score at 5 min).
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; DAWBA, Development and Well-Being Assessment; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.