Estimates of effect on violence outcomes,* comparing prevalence of outcome in intervention versus control communities
| Baseline | Follow-up | Control | Unadjusted RR† (95% CI) | Adjusted RR‡ (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | ||||
| Past year experience of physical and sexual IPV | ||||||
| Physical IPV (among partnered in past year) | 75/302 (25%) | 57/273 (21%) | 46/504 (9%) | 93/424 (22%) | 0.45 (0.14 to 1.46) | 0.48 (0.16 to 1.39) |
| At least one act of severe physical IPV or more than one occurrence of less severe act (among partnered in past year) | 54/302 (18%) | 45/273 (16%) | 35/504 (7%) | 82/424 (19%) | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.99)* | 0.40 (0.14 to 1.17)** |
| New onset physical IPV (among ever partnered not previously experiencing physical IPV) | 25/236 (11%) | 20/214 (9%) | 20/438 (5%) | 40/360 (11%) | 0.54 (0.07 to 3.88) | 0.51 (0.09 to 3.06) |
| Continued physical IPV (among ever partnered previously experiencing physical IPV) | 50/112 (45%) | 37/102 (36%) | 26/133 (20%) | 53/135 (39%) | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.96)* | 0.42 (0.18 to 0.96)* |
| Sexual IPV (among partnered in past year) | 38/303 (13%) | 31/273 (11%) | 70/504 (14%) | 84/423 (20%) | 0.76 (0.33 to 1.74) | 0.76 (0.33 to 1.72) |
| New onset sexual IPV (among ever partnered not previously experiencing sexual IPV) | 11/294 (4%) | 11/255 (4%) | 19/463 (4%) | 15/384 (4%) | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.65) | 0.99 (0.56 to 1.73) |
| Continued sexual IPV (among ever partnered previously experiencing sexual IPV) | 27/55 (49%) | 20/61 (33%) | 51/109 (47%) | 69/111 (62%) | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.19) | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.87)* |
| Physical and/or sexual IPV (among partnered in past year) | 88/301 (29%) | 67/273 (25%) | 102/504 (20%) | 139/423 (33%) | 0.66 (0.33 to 1.33) | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.38) |
| Injury from physical/sexual IPV (among all partnered in past year) | 47/303 (16%) | 34/272 (13%) | 15/504 (3%) | 53/421 (13%) | 0.28 (0.04 to 2.14) | 0.20 (0.04 to 1.07)** |
| New onset physical and/or sexual IPV (among ever partnered not previously experiencing it) | 25/219 (11%) | 19/195 (10%) | 31/386 (8%) | 38/310 (12%) | 0.73 (0.23 to 2.31) | 0.72 (0.24 to 2.18) |
| Continued physical and/or sexual IPV (among ever partnered previously experiencing it) | 63/130 (48%) | 48/121 (40%) | 71/185 (38%) | 101/185 (55%) | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.21) | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.94)* |
| Emotional aggression§ | ||||||
| Any emotional IPV | 94/301 (31%) | 105/273 (38%) | 130/504 (26%) | 161/424 (38%) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.80)* | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.79)* |
| High intensity emotional IPV (among all partnered in past year) | – | – | 40/504 (8%) | 95/424 (22%) | 0.37 (0.16 to 0.88)* | 0.37 (0.16 to 0.85)* |
| New onset of emotional aggression in past year | 25/235 (11%) | 26/199 (13%) | 28/357 (8%) | 38/297 (13%) | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.27) | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.12)** |
| Continued emotional aggression in past year | 69/112 (62%) | 79/116 (68%) | 102/215 (47%) | 123/198 (62%) | 0.76 (0.68 to 0.86)* | 0.68 (0.52 to 0.89)* |
| Controlling behaviours§ | ||||||
| Any controlling behaviour (among partnered in past year) | 211/303 (70%) | 192/273 (70%) | 224/504 (44%) | 253/423 (60%) | 0.75 (0.56 to 1.01)** | 0.75 (0.54 to 1.04)** |
| High-intensity controlling behaviours (among all partnered in past year) | – | – | 133/504 (26%) | 190/423 (45%) | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.93)* | 0.61 (0.39 to 0.95)* |
| New onset of controlling behaviours in past year | 17/104 (16%) | 15/89 (17%) | 19/237 (8%) | 41/184 (22%) | 0.36 (0.21 to 0.63)* | 0.38 (0.23 to 0.62)* |
| Continued controlling behaviours in past year | 194/242 (80%) | 177/226 (78%) | 205/334 (61%) | 212/310 (68%) | 0.91 (0.65 to 1.27) | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) |
| Fear of partner¶ | ||||||
| Fear of partner in past 12 months (among partnered in past year) | – | – | 82/500 (16%) | 121/419 (29%) | 0.64 (0.25 to 1.65) | 0.69 (0.28 to 1.72) |
| New fear of partner started in past 12 months (among ever partnered) | – | – | 23/360 (6%) | 26/287 (9%) | 0.75 (0.15 to 3.73) | 0.75 (0.15 to 3.77) |
| Fear of partner continued in past 12 months (among ever partnered) | – | – | 37/158 (23%) | 81/163 (50%) | 0.69 (0.53 to 0.90)* | 0.67 (0.51 to 0.89)* |
*p<0.05; **p<0.10.
†RRs calculated at the cluster level, both crude and adjusted ratios adjusting for community pair, and weighted according to the number of observations per village.
‡Adjusted RRs generated on the basis of expected number of events from a logistic regression model on individual data with independent variables including age, marital status and enumeration area level summary baseline measure of outcome indicator.
§Shorter list of items used to measure emotional aggression and controlling behaviours at baseline. Therefore, measures of prevalence of indicators relating to emotional aggression and controlling behaviours are not comparable between baseline and follow-up.
¶Fear of partner not measured at baseline. Adjusted RRs for these outcomes control for baseline physical and/or sexual IPV.
IPV, intimate partner violence; RR, risk ratio.