Studies investigating associations between neighbourhood-level socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease mortality
| Reference | Age of participants, years | Setting | Area or neighbourhood socioeconomic measure used | Relative risks (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smith et al4 | 45–64 | Renfrew and Paisley, Scotland | Carstairs deprivation score (based on male unemployment, overcrowding, car ownership, proportion in social classes IV and V) | HR for most deprived vs least deprived categories 1.26 (1.04 to 1.52) for men 1.33 (1.05 to 1.69) for women |
| Waitzman and Smith9 | 25–74 | USA—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | Federally defined poverty areas of residence based on census tracts | RR for poverty-area vs non-poverty area 1.90 (1.24 to 2.90) in 25–54 years 0.83 (0.66 to 1.03) in 55–74 years |
| Diez Roux et al5 | ≥65 | USA—Forsyth Co, North Carolina; Washington Co, Maryland; Sacramento Co, California and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Neighbourhood deprivation score based on census (household income, value of housing units, education and occupation) | HR for most vs least disadvantaged tertiles 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) in Caucasian participants 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) in African–American participants |
| Borrell et al3 | 45–64 | USA—Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; the northwestern suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland | Neighbourhood deprivation score based on census (household income, value of housing units, education and occupation) | HR for most vs least disadvantaged tertiles 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) in Caucasian participants 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) in African-American participants |
| Steenland et al8 | 50–74 | USA—Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort | Area-level socioeconomic status based on census data including household income, home value, occupation and education | RR for lowest vs highest area-level score group 1.46 (1.22 to 1.74) for men 1.33 (1.00 to 1.77) for women |
| Major et al6 | 50–71 | USA—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Atlanta (Georgia) and Detroit (Michigan) | Neighbourhood deprivation index based on census data (housing, residential stability, poverty, employment, occupation, racial composition, education) | HR for highest vs lowest deprivation quintile 1.33 (1.19 to 1.49) for men 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) for women |
| Sanchez-Santos et al7 | 60–79 | 24 British towns | Index of multiple deprivation (income, employment, barriers to services, living environment) | HR per SD increase in deprivation score 1.22 (1.09 to 1.37) in women |
| Chan et al 201412 | All ages | USA—458 counties | Community characteristics including US census data | Estimated increase in death per 100 000 from 25th to 75th centile—for education 19.92 (14.12 to 25.80); 16.06 (10.77 to 21.45) for employment in construction |
HR, hazard ratio; RR, rate ratio.