Multivariate logistic regression analysis of a lack of ACE inhibitor dispensation within 1 year of heart failure hospitalisation
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 2 Adjusted for age OR (95% CI) | Model 3 Adjusted for age and confounders OR (95% CI) | Model 4 Adjusted for age, confounders and all other covariates OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n=93 258 | ||||
| Men | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Women | 1.40 (1.37 to 1.44)*** | 1.20 (1.17 to 1.23)*** | 1.29 (1.25 to 1.33)*** | 1.31 (1.27 to 1.35)*** |
| Age class (years), n=93 258 | ||||
| 20–64 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 65–74 | 1.46 (1.38 to 1.54)*** | 1.40 (1.32 to 1.49)*** | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26)*** | |
| 75–84 | 1.99 (1.90 to 2.09)*** | 1.97 (1.86 to 2.07)*** | 1.59 (1.49 to 1.70)*** | |
| ≥85 | 3.36 (3.20 to 3.52)*** | 3.54 (3.35 to 3.74)*** | 2.71 (2.53 to 2.91)*** | |
| Country/region of birth, n=93 243 | ||||
| Sweden | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Nordic country | 0.82 (0.77 to 0.87)*** | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02) |
| EU 27† | 0.90 (0.84 to 0.97)*** | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) |
| Other Europe+Former Soviet | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.82)*** | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.22) | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.22) |
| Asia+Oceania | 0.66 (0.59 to 0.75)*** | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.03) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.16) |
| Other | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.95)* | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.22) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.28) |
| Educational level, n=87 644 | ||||
| <9 years of compulsory school | 1.18 (1.11 to 1.25)*** | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.04) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) |
| 9 years of compulsory school | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.04) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.11) |
| ≤2 years of upper secondary school | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) |
| 3 years of upper secondary school | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) |
| <3 years of higher education | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) |
| ≥3 years of higher education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Employment status, n=91 373 | ||||
| Gainfully employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Sporadic gainful employment | 1.96 (1.82 to 2.12)*** | 1.32 (1.21 to 1.43)*** | 1.31 (1.19 to 1.45)*** | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.51)*** |
| No gainful employment | 2.70 (2.54 to 2.87)*** | 1.51 (1.40 to 1.62)*** | 1.60 (1.47 to 1.74)*** | 1.59 (1.46 to 1.73)*** |
| Income class (quartiles), n=91 373 | ||||
| ≤€11 884 | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.23)*** | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.94)*** |
| €11 895–€14 222 | 1.24 (1.19 to 1.28)*** | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.96)*** |
| €14 233–€18 083 | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.19)*** | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) |
| ≥€18 083 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Model 2: ORs were adjusted for age; model 3: ORs were adjusted for age and comorbidity, ARB dispensation, year and days of follow-up; model 4: model 3+all covariates.
***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.005.
†EU 27=Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.