Examples of interventions, mechanisms and outcomes at different levels
| Level | Interventions | Change mechanisms | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual | Information provision; advertising | Resonance; perceived relevance; reading and reflection | Improving knowledge, motivation/intentions |
| Interpersonal | Counselling; peer education | Modelling; influence of reference group; mentorship | Improving motivation/intentions; developing skills/self-efficacy |
| Community | Walking group; food co-operation; neighbourhood watch | Solidarity; diffusion of innovation; changing community norms | Improving motivation/intentions, physical activity, diet, sense of security |
| Organisational | Institutional policies; quality standards; partnership working | Authorisation; inspection; enforcement; increasing staff awareness | Reducing discrimination; improving services |
| Environmental | Clean air legislation; piped water; housing regulations; safe cycling and walking infrastructure | Legislation; enforcement; redesign of services; ‘choice architecture’ | Environmental improvements; healthier housing; more physical activity |
| Macro policy | Poverty reduction; redistribution of resources; education; controlling corporations | Legislation and enforcement; economic security and choices | Healthy lifestyles more affordable and given higher priority |