BMI z-score trajectories as predictors of asthma, FEV1/FVC ratio, and blood pressure at 18 years of age
| BMI z-score trajectories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health outcomes at 18 years | Normal | Early persistent obesity | Delayed overweight | Early transient overweight |
| Asthma, % (n/total) | 15.4 (114/740) | 35.1 (13/37) | 26.9 (35/130) | 15.7 (19/121) |
| RR (95% CI)* | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.15 (1.33 to 3.49) | 1.70 (1.22 to 2.38) | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.58) |
| p Value | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.968 | |
| FEV1/FVC %, mean (SE) | 87.7 (0.6) | 84.5 (1.4) | 86.0 (0.8) | 87.3 (0.9) |
| Mean difference (95% CI)† | 0.0 (Reference) | −3.2 (−6.0 to −0.4) | −1.7 (−3.2 to −0.2) | −0.4 (−2.1 to 1.3) |
| p Value | 0.027 | 0.025 | 0.637 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SE) | 106.6 (0.7) | 117.9 (2.1) | 112.7 (1.2) | 107.5 (1.3) |
| Mean difference (95% CI)† | 0.0 (Reference) | 11.3 (7.1 to 15.4) | 6.1 (3.7 to 8.5) | 0.9 (−1.6 to 3.5) |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.477 | |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SE) | 63.7 (0.5) | 75.7 (1.6) | 69.2 (0.9) | 66.6 (1.0) |
| Mean difference (95% CI)† | 0.0 (Reference) | 12.0 (8.9 to 15.1) | 5.5 (3.5 to 7.3) | 2.9 (0.9 to 4.8) |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
*Adjusted for sex, smoking status at age 18 years, duration of breastfeeding, and socioeconomic status.
†Adjusted for sex, height at age 18 years, smoking status at age 18 years, duration of breastfeeding, and socioeconomic status.
BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, blood pressure; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; RR, risk ratio.