Characteristics of rural and urban study samples, India 2013 (analysis sample)
| Characteristics of mothers, children and households | Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh* (rural, N=1170) | Kirti Nagar, New Delhi† (urban, N=670) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | n (%) of DTP3‡ | Total N (%) | n (%) of DTP3‡ | |
| Total | 1170 (100.0) | 490 (41.9) | 670 (100.0) | 539 (80.5) |
| Health literacy | ||||
| Low | 466 (39.8) | 156 (33.5) | 286 (42.7) | 214 (74.8) |
| Medium | 313 (26.8) | 142 (45.4) | 162 (24.2) | 128 (79.0) |
| High | 391 (33.4) | 192 (49.1) | 222 (33.1) | 197 (88.7) |
| Maternal education | ||||
| None (0) | 680 (58.1) | 253 (37.2) | 303 (45.2) | 229 (75.6) |
| Some primary (grades 1–5) | 84 (7.2) | 37 (44.1) | 125 (18.7) | 99 (79.2) |
| Some upper primary (grades 6–8) | 215 (18.4) | 93 (43.3) | 111 (16.6) | 95 (85.6) |
| Some secondary or higher (≥grade 9) | 191 (16.3) | 107 (56.0) | 131 (19.6) | 116 (88.5) |
| Paternal education | ||||
| None (0) | 338 (28.9) | 115 (34.0) | 177 (26.4) | 132 (74.6) |
| Some primary (grades 1–5) | 203 (17.4) | 97 (47.8) | 115 (17.2) | 90 (78.3) |
| Some upper primary (grades 6–8) | 202 (17.3) | 85 (42.1) | 149 (22.2) | 124 (83.2) |
| Some secondary or higher (≥grade 9) | 427 (36.5) | 193 (45.2) | 229 (34.2) | 193 (84.3) |
| Mother's age (mean, SD) | (27.8, 5.6) | (27.6, 5.3) | (25.2, 4.0) | (25.1, 4.0) |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 | 300 (25.6) | 150 (50.0) | 236 (35.2) | 199 (84.3) |
| 2 | 260 (22.2) | 97 (37.3) | 193 (28.8) | 151 (78.2) |
| 3 | 226 (19.3) | 96 (42.5) | 140 (20.9) | 106 (75.7) |
| 4 | 172 (14.7) | 72 (41.9) | 62 (9.3) | 56 (90.3) |
| ≥5 | 212 (18.1) | 75 (35.4) | 39 (5.8) | 27 (69.2) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 598 (51.1) | 262 (43.8) | 346 (51.6) | 271 (78.3) |
| Female | 572 (48.9) | 228 (39.9) | 324 (48.4) | 268 (82.7) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 1065 (91.0) | 455 (42.7) | 605 (90.3) | 491 (81.2) |
| Muslim | 105 (9.0) | 35 (33.3) | 65 (9.7) | 48 (73.9) |
| Quintile of Wealth Index | ||||
| 1st quintile (poorest 20%) | 275 (23.5) | 105 (38.2) | 138 (20.6) | 105 (76.1) |
| 2nd quintile | 204 (17.4) | 78 (38.2) | 166 (24.8) | 131 (78.9) |
| 3rd quintile | 227 (19.4) | 80 (35.2) | 107 (16.0) | 83 (77.6) |
| 4th quintile | 229 (19.6) | 107 (46.7) | 124 (18.5) | 103 (83.1) |
| 5th quintile (richest 20%) | 235 (20.1) | 120 (51.1) | 135 (20.2) | 117 (86.7) |
| Immunisation reminder given late (>1 month ago)§ | ||||
| No | 644 (54.2) | 278 (43.9) | 523 (78.1) | 411 (78.6) |
| Yes | 536 (45.8) | 212 (39.5) | 147 (21.9) | 128 (87.1) |
| Immunisation reminder never given | ||||
| No | 1019 (87.1) | 464 (45.5) | 616 (91.9) | 509 (82.6) |
| Yes | 151 (12.9) | 26 (17.2) | 54 (8.1) | 30 (55.6) |
| Village/neighbourhood characteristics | Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh (rural, N=60) | Kirti Nagar, New Delhi (urban, N=9) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Per cent | Number | Per cent | |
| Village electrification | ||||
| Not electrified | 8 | 13.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| <6 h | 30 | 50.0 | 3 | 33.3 |
| ≥6 h | 22 | 36.7 | 6 | 66.7 |
| Any health facility in village/neighbourhood | ||||
| Yes | 58 | 96.7 | 9 | 100.0 |
| No | 2 | 3.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Service delivery problems | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range |
| Proportion of parents citing lack of access as reason for child's incomplete immunisation | 14.5 (19.8) | 0.0–0.95 | 2.4 (3.4) | 0.0–0.13 |
| Proportion of parents citing poor service quality as reason for child's incomplete immunisation | 9.2 (16.0) | 0.0–0.95 | 2.4 (3.3) | 0.0–0.09 |
| Proportion of parents who received a late reminder | 45.8 (20.2) | 0.05–0.95 | 21.9 (21.2) | 0.0–0.61 |
| Proportion of parents who never received a reminder | 13.0 (15.6) | 0.0–0.75 | 8.1 (8.9) | 0.0–0.43 |
*For the rural site, 1.9% (22 of 1192) respondents had missing values and were dropped from the analysis sample. The following values were missing by variable: birth order 0.8% (10/1192); religion 0.5% (6/1192); reminder last year 0.5% (6/1192); reminder never 0.5% (6/1192) and health literacy 0.2% (2/1192).
†For the urban site, 2.2% (15 of 685) respondents had missing values and were dropped from the analysis sample. The following values were missing by variable: birth order 1.6% (11/685); reminder last year 0.3% (2/685); reminder never 0.3% (2/685); health literacy 0.1% (1/685) and mother's age 0.1% (1/685).
‡Column refers to percentage of participants receiving three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine ‘DTP3’.
§We asked each mother “When did someone last come to your home to give information about immunisation?” Those who replied “within the last month” or “before the last immunisation day” were considered to have received an ‘on-time’ reminder; else, the reminder was considered ‘late’.