Age-adjusted wealth-related and education-related concentration index (in %, with 95% CI) of disease, measured through self-reported diagnoses and symptoms-based/criterion-based measures, among the adult population in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa
| Wealth-related concentration index | Education-related concentration index | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms-based/criterion-based measures | Self-reported diagnoses | Symptoms-based/criterion-based measures | Self-reported diagnoses | |
| Angina | ||||
| Ghana | −0.21 (−0.22 to −0.20) | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.15 to −0.10) | 0.36 (0.33 to 0.38) |
| India | −0.16 (−0.17 to −0.16) | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02) | −0.12 (−0.12 to −0.11) | 0.03 (0.03 to 0.03) |
| China | −0.11 (−0.12 to −0.11) | 0.07 (0.07 to 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.01) | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.10) |
| South Africa | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.37 (0.32 to 0.42) | −0.13 (−0.15 to −0.10) | −0.17 (−0.19 to −0.14) |
| Mexico | −0.22 (−0.26 to −0.17) | 0.19 (0.17 to 0.21) | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.05) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20) |
| Russia | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.01) | −0.01 (−0.01 to 0.00) | −0.07 (−0.07 to −0.06) | 0.04 (0.04 to 0.05) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Ghana | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.03) | 0.29 (0.27 to 0.30) | −0.03 (−0.03 to −0.03) | 0.10 (0.09 to 0.10) |
| India | 0.03 (0.03 to 0.03) | 0.19 (0.18 to 0.19) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.12 (0.12 to 0.13) |
| China | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.02) | 0.09 (0.09 to 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.04 to −0.03) | 0.07 (0.06 to 0.07) |
| South Africa | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01) | 0.15 (0.13 to 0.17) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) |
| Mexico | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.02) | 0.14 (0.12 to 0.16) | 0.10 (0.08 to 0.12) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
| Russia | −0.07 (−0.07 to −0.06) | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.03 to −0.02) |
| Asthma and chronic lung disease | ||||
| Ghana | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.05 to −.03) | 0.06 (0.06 to 0.07) | −0.09 (−0.10 to −0.08) |
| India | −0.04 (−0.04 to −0.04) | −0.05 (−0.06 to −0.05) | −0.05 (−0.05 to −0.04) | 0.04 (0.04 to 0.04) |
| China | −0.03 (−0.03 to −0.02) | −0.04 (−0.04 to−0.04) | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) |
| South Africa | −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.03) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.14) | −0.06 (−0.17 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.18 to −0.09) |
| Mexico | 0.52 (0.48 to 0.56) | −0.21 (−0.26 to −0.16) | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.33) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.22) |
| Russia | −0.13 (−0.15 to −0.11) | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02) | −0.33 (−0.36 to −0.30) | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02) |
| Visual impairment | ||||
| Ghana | −0.05 (−0.06 to −0.05) | 0.23 (0.22 to 0.24) | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00) | 0.20 (0.19 to 0.21) |
| India | −0.06 (−0.06 to −0.06) | 0.07 (0.07 to 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.06 to −0.06) | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.02) |
| China | −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.01) | 0.05 (0.05 to 0.06) | 0.11 (0.10 to 0.12) | 0.15 (0.15 to 0.16) |
| South Africa | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.10) | −0.22 (−0.26 to −0.19) |
| Mexico | −0.09 (−0.12 to −0.07) | −0.10 (−0.13 to −0.06) | −0.09 (−0.11 to −0.07) | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.15) |
| Russia | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.03) | −0.07 (−0.07 to −0.07) | −0.05 (−0.06 to −0.04) | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) |
| Depression | ||||
| Ghana | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) | 0.20 (0.18 to 0.21) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) |
| India | −0.12 (−0.13 to −0.12) | 0.07 (0.06 to 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.08 to −0.07) | −0.04 (−0.05 to −0.04) |
| China | −0.16 (−0.17 to −0.14) | 0.25 (0.23 to 0.26) | −0.04 (−0.05 to −0.03) | −0.16 (−0.17 to−0.14) |
| South Africa | −0.19 (−0.25 to −0.14) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | −0.24 (−0.28 to −0.20) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.12) |
| Mexico | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.12) | 0.15 (0.12 to 0.18) |
| Russia | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.11 (0.10 to 0.12) | 0.16 (0.14 to 0.17) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) |
(1) Source: WHO SAGE survey, 2007–2010; (2) Negative values indicate concentration of disease among those of lower socioeconomic status (SES), and positive values indicate concentration among those of higher SES The symptom-based/criterion-based measures of each non-communicable chronic disease was also adjusted with a dichotomous variable of whether the respondent has taken medication/treatment or not.