Table 2

Univariable and multivariable associations with low vision (≤6/12)

		Univariable			Multivariable model 1			Multivariable model 2
	Total	OR	95% CI	p Value*	OR	95% CI	p Value*	OR	95% CI	p Value*
Age
<65 years	3147	Ref			Ref			Ref
≥65 years	5320	3.21	(2.30 to 4.47)	<0.01	2.89	(2.05 to 4.06)	<0.01	2.63	(1.86 to 3.72)	<0.01
Sex
Male	3801	Ref			Ref			Ref
Female	4666	1.14	(0.89 to 1.46)	0.31	1.16	(0.90 to 1.50)	0.25	1.27	(0.98 to 1.66)	0.07
Education				<0.01†			0.18†			0.31†
Less than O level	2225	Ref			Ref			Ref
O level	1015	0.68	(0.45 to 1.04)	0.07	0.82	(0.53 to 1.25)	0.36	0.75	(0.48 to 1.16)	0.20
A level	3741	0.63	(0.47 to 0.84)	<0.01	0.74	(0.55 to 1.00)	0.05	0.79	(0.58 to 1.07)	0.13
Degree	1484	0.54	(0.37 to 0.80)	<0.01	0.69	(0.45 to 1.05)	0.08	0.72	(0.46 to 1.11)	0.13
Social class
Non-manual	5587	Ref			Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Manual	2880	1.20	(0.93 to 1.54)	0.17	1.06	(0.81 to 1.40)	0.65	1.08	(0.81 to 1.43)	0.61
Cataract operation
No	7496	Ref			Ref			Ref
Yes	971	2.05	(1.51 to 2.79)	<0.01	1.54	(1.13 to 2.11)	<0.01	1.40	(1.01 to 1.95)	0.04
URE
Absent	7296	Ref			–	–	–	Ref
Present	1166	9.87	(7.66 to 12.72)	<0.01	–	–	–	9.41	(7.28 to 12.19)	<0.01
IMD
Less deprived	8036	Ref			Ref			Ref
Most deprived 5%	431	1.92	(1.25 to 2.96)	<0.01	1.66	(1.07 to 2.59)	0.03	1.50	(0.94 to 2.40)	0.09

p Value from *Wald test and †likelihood ratio test for association.
Multivariable model 1 with low vision as the dependent variable and age, sex, education, evidence of at least one cataract operation and IMD as independent variables.
Multivariable model 2 with low vision as the dependent variable and age, sex, education, evidence of at least one cataract operation, uncorrected refractive error and IMD as independent variables
IMD, index of multiple deprivation; URE, uncorrected refractive error.