Association between portions of fruit or of vegetables consumed and risk of death, from all causes unless specified
| Model | Portions of fruit consumed in the previous day HRs (95% CI) | Portions of vegetables consumed in the previous day HRs (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0−<1* | 1−<2 | 2−<3 | 3−<4 | 4+ | 0−<1* | 1−<2 | 2−<3 | 3+ | |
| Number of participants | 32 428 | 17 862 | 14 727 | 9304 | 11 036 | 39 296 | 25 411 | 12 736 | 7914 |
| Deaths | 1574 | 948 | 767 | 452 | 465 | 2302 | 1253 | 474 | 177 |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.93) | 0.82 (0.75 to 0.89) | 0.75 (0.67 to 0.83) | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.81) | 1 | 0.81 (0.76 to 0.87) | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.84) | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.74) |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.98) | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.93) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | 1 | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.91) | 0.81 (0.73 to 0.89) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.79) |
| Model 3§¶: Model 2 Cancer deaths only | 1 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.11) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.11) | 1 | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) | 0.76 (0.63 to 0.90) | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.97) |
| Model 4¶: Model 2 CVD deaths only | 1 | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.03) | 0.87 (0.76 to 1.01) | 0.91 (0.76 to 1.08) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98) | 1 | 0.89 (0.79 to 0.99) | 0.87 (0.74 to 1.03) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.01) |
| Model 5: Model 2, excluding deaths within a year | 1 | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.99) | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.93) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) | 1 | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.92) | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.92) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.80) |
| Model 6:§ Model 2, non-smokers only | 1 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.09) | 0.78 (0.65 to 0.93) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.01) | 1 | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.95) | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.00) | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.97) |
*Reference category.
†Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, social class, cigarette smoking and BMI.
‡Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, social class, cigarette smoking, BMI, physical activity, education, alcohol intake and mutually adjusted for portions of vegetables/portions of fruit consumed.
§Education and alcohol intake were not significant and therefore not included in this model.
¶The number of portions of fruit consumed was not significantly associated with mortality in this model.
CVD, cardiovascular disease.