The relationship between maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy and size at birth and preterm delivery
| Trimester 1 (n=1135) | Trimester 2 (n=793) | Trimester 3 (n=377) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted change (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted change† (95% CI) | p Value* | Unadjusted change (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted change† (95% CI) | p Value* | Unadjusted change (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted change† (95% CI) | p Value* | |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | 0.0 | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.007 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| ≤2 Units/week | −124.8 (−225.4 to −24.3) | −98.5 (−170.9 to −26.1) | 51.3 (−42.5 to 145.0) | −37.6 (−108.1 to 32.8) | 4.2 (−162.4 to 170.7) | −34.5 (−153.1 to 84.1) | ||||||
| >2 Units/week | −105.9 (−193.9 to −17.9) | −100.4 (−165.8 to −34.9) | 12.9 (−56.5 to 112.2) | −99.6 (−175.8 to −22.3) | 73.7 (−78.6 to 226.1) | −50.4 (−161.2 to −60.3) | ||||||
| Customised birth centile‡ | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | 0.0 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 0.002 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.06 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| ≤2 Units/week | −4.1 (−9.1 to −0.9) | −5.8 (−10.8 to −0.7) | −1.4 (−6.3 to 3.5) | −3.6 (−8.6 to 1.4) | −1.4 (−9.4 to 6.6) | −3.1 (−11.1 to 4.9) | ||||||
| >2 Units/week | −6.7 (−11.1 to −2.3) | −8.2 (−12.6 to −3.7) | −2.9 (−8.2 to 2.2) | −6.4 (−11.8 to −1.1) | 1.2 (−6.1 to 8.5) | −1.8 (−9.3 to 5.7) | ||||||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p Value* | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p Value* | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p Value* | |
| SGA (<10th centile)‡ | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | 1.0 | 0.08 | 1.0 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| ≤2 Units/week | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | ||||||
| >2 Units/week | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.8) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.4) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.1) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) | ||||||
| Low birth weight (≤2500 g) | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | 1.0 | 0.20 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| ≤2 Units/week | 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0) | 1.6 (0.3 to 7.4) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.8) | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.9) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) | 0.3 (0.02 to 4.1) | ||||||
| >2 Units/week | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.3) | 1.6 (0.4 to 6.4) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.4) | 1.5 (0.3 to 8.4) | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.2) | 1.8 (0.1 to 29.8) | ||||||
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinkers | 1.0 | 0.08 | 1.0 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
| ≤2 Units/week | 3.1 (1.1 to 8.6) | 4.6 (1.4 to 14.7) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.7) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.8) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.8) | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.2) | ||||||
| >2 Units/week | 2.3 (0.9 to 6.1) | 3.5 (1.1 to 11.2) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) | 0.9 (0.43 to 2.1) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) | 1.0 (0.3 to 2.9) | ||||||
*p For trend for categories of alcohol intake in a multivariable linear regression for continuous outcomes and a multivariable logistic regression for categorical outcomes.
†Adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy weight, height, age, parity, ethnicity, salivary cotinine levels, caffeine intake, education, energy intake, gestation and baby's sex in a multivariable linear regression for continuous outcomes and a multivariable logistic regression for categorical outcomes.
‡Takes into account maternal pre-pregnancy weight, height, parity, ethnicity, gestation and baby's sex.
SGA, small for gestational age.