Conduct problems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
None | Mild | Severe | ||
(n=857) | (n=183) | (n=70) | p Value* | |
% Men | 42 | 51 | 54 | 0.02 |
Cognitive ability (mean, SD) | 0.18 (0.9) | −0.16 (0.9) | −0.28 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Parental social class (% manual) | 66 | 70 | 75 | 0.08 |
Adult social class (% manual) | 56 | 60 | 63 | 0.003 |
Education (% O levels/equivalent) | 64 | 78 | 84 | <0.001 |
Parenting | ||||
Intellectual environment (mean, SD)) | 2.37 (1.3) | 2.25 (1.3) | 2.00(1.4) | 0.1 |
Cognitive stimulation (mean, SD | 3.18 (0.8) | 3.18 (0.8) | 3.14 (0.8) | 0.2 |
Coercive discipline (age 4) (mean, SD) | 0.50 (0.7) | 0.77 (0.8) | 0.80 (0.9) | <0.05 |
Coercive discipline (age 8) (mean, SD) | 0.49 (0.7) | 0.75 (0.9) | 0.77 (0.9) | <0.05 |
Parental interest (mean, SD)† | 2.80 (0.9) | 2.77 (1.1) | 2.84 (0.9) | 0.3 |
Parental aspiration (mean, SD)† | 2.71 (1.7) | 2.57 (1.7) | 2.47 (1.7) | 0.1 |
Parental affection age 4 (% yes) † | 86 | 88 | 84 | 0.6 |
Parental affection age 8 (% yes) † | 80 | 78 | 86 | 0.3 |
Emotional problems | ||||
None | Mild | Severe | ||
(n=575) | (n=414) | (n=121) | p Value* | |
% Men | 50 | 41 | 32 | <0.001 |
Cognitive ability (mean, SD) | 0.21 (0.8) | –0.16 (0.8) | –0.61 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Parental social class (% non-manual) | 76 | 72 | 70 | 0.2 |
Adult social class (% non-manual) | 53 | 51 | 60 | 0.01 |
Education (% O levels/equivalent) | 65 | 70 | 74 | 0.3 |
Parenting | ||||
Intellectual environment (mean, SD) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.32 (1.3) | 2.10 (0.9) | 0.3 |
Cognitive stimulation (mean, SD) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.19 (0.8) | 2.22 (1.3) | 0.1 |
Coercive discipline (age 4) (mean, SD) | 0.56 (0.8) | 0.52 (0.8) | 0.75 (0.9) | <0.06 |
Coercive discipline (age 8) (mean, SD) | 0.53 (0.7) | 0.53 (0.8) | 0.71 (1.0) | <0.05 |
Parental interest (mean, SD) † | 2.86 (0.9) | 2.79 (1.0) | 2.71 (1.0 | 0.4 |
Parental aspiration (mean, SD)† | 2.67 (1.7) | 2.73 (1.7) | 2.52 (1.7) | 0.2 |
Parental affection age 4 (% yes) † | 87 | 88 | 86 | 0.8 |
Parental affection age 8 (% yes) † | 80 | 82 | 71 | 0.02 |
*For difference between three groups.
†Not included in factor analysis.