Variables | 3.0°C increase above 28.2°C | 3.0°C decrease below 28.2°C | N† | ||
RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
All | 1.055 (1.022 to 1.090) | 0.001 | 1.021 (0.997 to 1.046) | 0.022 | 129 688 |
Previous residence‡ (proxy for migration status) | |||||
Hong Kong | 1.057 (0.981 to 1.140) | 0.146 | 1.024 (0.968 to 1.083) | 0.406 | 24 393 |
China | 1.050 (1.012 to 1.090) | 0.010 | 1.022 (0.994 to 1.051) | 0.127 | 99 195 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 1.045 (1.001 to 1.092) | 0.046 | 1.039 (0.995 to 1.085) | 0.021 | 72 148 |
Female | 1.068 (1.017 to 1.121) | 0.008 | 1.000 (0.964 to 1.037) | 0.990 | 57 538 |
Age, years | |||||
≥75 | 1.047 (1.002 to 1.094) | 0.043 | 1.040 (1.007 to 1.075) | 0.019 | 70 466 |
<75 | 1.065 (1.015 to 1.118) | 0.011 | 0.998 (0.963 to 1.035) | 0.928 | 52 793 |
Gender and age, years | |||||
Male ≥75 | 1.014 (0.951 to 1.082) | 0.666 | 1.058 (1.008 to 1.110) | 0.023 | 33 254 |
Male <75 | 1.067 (1.005 to 1.133) | 0.034 | 1.023 (0.979 to 1.070) | 0.308 | 38 546 |
Female ≥75 | 1.076 (1.012 to 1.143) | 0.019 | 1.025 (0.979 to 1.072) | 0.297 | 37 212 |
Female <75 | 1.061 (0.976 to 1.153) | 0.117 | 0.952 (0.895 to 1.013) | 0.117 | 20 070 |
SES of residential area* | |||||
Low | 1.065 (0.998 to 1.909) | 0.056 | 0.981 (0.934 to 1.032) | 0.461 | 38 249 |
Medium | 1.038 (0.989 to 1.089) | 0.129 | 1.029 (0.991 to 1.067) | 0.135 | 68 952 |
High | 1.003 (0.904 to 1.112) | 0.961 | 1.015 (0.938 to 1.099) | 0.708 | 15 080 |
Area of residence (proxy for urban design) | |||||
Hong Kong | 1.043 (0.964 to 1.129) | 0.296 | 1.022 (0.962 to 1.085) | 0.489 | 25 954 |
Kowloon | 1.041 (0.981 to 1.104) | 0.183 | 1.004 (0.960 to 1.051) | 0.852 | 46 974 |
New Territories | 1.042 (0.984 to 1.103) | 0.158 | 1.015 (0.972 to 1.061) | 0.496 | 49 172 |
Unknown | 1.278 (1.058 to 1.545) | 0.011 | 1.313 (1.129 to 1.528) | 0.000 | 7261 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 1.055 (1.007 to 1.105) | 0.023 | 1.036 (1.001 to 1.072) | 0.043 | 64 816 |
Unmarried | 1.042 (0.989 to 1.099) | 0.121 | 1.020 (0.981 to 1.061) | 0.319 | 50 185 |
Cause of death | |||||
Cancer | 1.010 (0.959 to 1.064) | 0.715 | 1.002 (0.964 to 1.041) | 0.938 | 50 619 |
Non-cancer | 1.086 (1.041 to 1.132) | <0.001 | 1.034 (1.104 to 0.968) | 0.035 | 79 069 |
↵* The proxy socioeconomic status (SES) variable was created first by matching individual‘area of residence’ within the mortality data to the median monthly domestic household income within that area of residence as reported by government tertiary planning units (the smallest geographical unit for which data are available). Resulted proxy SES was then categorised into SES low (HK$≤15 000 per month/US$23 077 per year), SES medium (HK$15 001–25 000 per month/US$23 077–38 462 per year) and SES high (HK$>25 000 per month/US$28 462 per year).
↵† N=129 688 non-accidental deaths were included in the analysis. Subgroup totals may not add up due to other or unknown cases.
↵‡ Not shown in this table: reported previous residence from other countries. Information available upon request.