Table 2

HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, and deaths from cancer: Scotland relative to England (N=193 873)

Model*	All-cause mortality					Cancer†
	Deaths	N	HSE	SHS	p Value	Deaths	N	HSE	SHS	p Value
	Deaths	N	HR	HR	p Value	Deaths	N	HR	HR	p Value
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted (basic model)§	21 345	193 873	1	1.40 (1.34 to 1.47)	<0.001	6009	193 873	1	1.54 (1.42 to 1.66)	<0.001
+Occupational social class	20 410	183 043	1	1.39 (1.33 to 1.46)	<0.001	5839	183 043	1	1.52 (1.41 to 1.65)	<0.001
+Educational attainment	21 318	193 733	1	1.39 (1.32 to 1.45)	<0.001	6006	193 733	1	1.52 (1.41 to 1.65)	<0.001
+Smoking status	21 309	193 068	1	1.31 (1.25 to 1.37)	<0.001	5997	193 068	1	1.42 (1.31 to 1.53)	<0.001
+Frequency of alcohol consumption	21 311	191 531	1	1.39 (1.33 to 1.45)	<0.001	6000	191 531	1	1.54 (1.42 to 1.66)	<0.001
+Self-assessed general health	21 339	193 835	1	1.39 (1.33 to 1.46)	<0.001	6007	193 835	1	1.53 (1.41 to 1.65)	<0.001
+Long-standing illness	21 341	193 829	1	1.41 (1.35 to 1.48)	<0.001	6008	193 829	1	1.54 (1.43 to 1.67)	<0.001
Multiply adjusted‡	20 330	181 560	1	1.29 (1.23 to 1.36)	<0.001	5818	181 560	1	1.41 (1.30 to 1.53)	<0.001

*Covariates selected from potentially relevant variables because data for these variables were missing in less than 20% of participants.
†ICD-9 codes 140-239 and ICD-10 codes C00-D48.
‡Model adjusted for age, sex, occupational social class, educational attainment, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, self-assessed general health and long-standing illness.
§The unadjusted HR suggests that death rates are lower in Scotland but the age distributions of the two samples are different—the HSE cohorts are older.
HSE, Health Surveys for England; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; SHS, Scottish Health Survey.