Model* | All-cause mortality | Cancer† | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | N | HSE | SHS | p Value | Deaths | N | HSE | SHS | p Value | |
HR | HR | HR | HR | |||||||
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted (basic model)§ | 21 345 | 193 873 | 1 | 1.40 (1.34 to 1.47) | <0.001 | 6009 | 193 873 | 1 | 1.54 (1.42 to 1.66) | <0.001 |
+Occupational social class | 20 410 | 183 043 | 1 | 1.39 (1.33 to 1.46) | <0.001 | 5839 | 183 043 | 1 | 1.52 (1.41 to 1.65) | <0.001 |
+Educational attainment | 21 318 | 193 733 | 1 | 1.39 (1.32 to 1.45) | <0.001 | 6006 | 193 733 | 1 | 1.52 (1.41 to 1.65) | <0.001 |
+Smoking status | 21 309 | 193 068 | 1 | 1.31 (1.25 to 1.37) | <0.001 | 5997 | 193 068 | 1 | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.53) | <0.001 |
+Frequency of alcohol consumption | 21 311 | 191 531 | 1 | 1.39 (1.33 to 1.45) | <0.001 | 6000 | 191 531 | 1 | 1.54 (1.42 to 1.66) | <0.001 |
+Self-assessed general health | 21 339 | 193 835 | 1 | 1.39 (1.33 to 1.46) | <0.001 | 6007 | 193 835 | 1 | 1.53 (1.41 to 1.65) | <0.001 |
+Long-standing illness | 21 341 | 193 829 | 1 | 1.41 (1.35 to 1.48) | <0.001 | 6008 | 193 829 | 1 | 1.54 (1.43 to 1.67) | <0.001 |
Multiply adjusted‡ | 20 330 | 181 560 | 1 | 1.29 (1.23 to 1.36) | <0.001 | 5818 | 181 560 | 1 | 1.41 (1.30 to 1.53) | <0.001 |
*Covariates selected from potentially relevant variables because data for these variables were missing in less than 20% of participants.
†ICD-9 codes 140-239 and ICD-10 codes C00-D48.
‡Model adjusted for age, sex, occupational social class, educational attainment, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, self-assessed general health and long-standing illness.
§The unadjusted HR suggests that death rates are lower in Scotland but the age distributions of the two samples are different—the HSE cohorts are older.
HSE, Health Surveys for England; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; SHS, Scottish Health Survey.