Average level and 10-year change at population level in number of physical functioning difficulties according to number of chronic diseases and lifestyle factors
| Full-time work | Retired | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average level* | 95% CI | 10-year change† | 95% CI | Average level* | 95% CI | 10-year change† | 95% CI | |
| Number of chronic diseases‡ | ||||||||
| 0 | 0.66 | (0.38 to 0.94) | 0.42 | (−0.08 to 0.93) | 1.71 | (1.50 to 1.91) | 0.60 | (0.48 to 0.72) |
| 1 | 1.25 | (0.95 to 1.54) | 0.52 | (0.20 to 0.84) | 2.61 | (2.41 to 2.81) | 0.64 | (0.53 to 0.75) |
| 2 or more | 2.20 | (1.84 to 2.55) | 0.50 | (0.23 to 0.77) | 3.52 | (3.31 to 3.73) | 0.65 | (0.52 to 0.77) |
| Number of lifestyle-related risks§ | ||||||||
| 0 | 1.02 | (0.72 to 1.32) | 0.43 | (0.14 to 0.72) | 2.07 | (1.86 to 2.27) | 0.64 | (0.53 to 0.75) |
| 1 | 1.30 | (1.01 to 1.59) | 0.55 | (0.23 to 0.86) | 2.59 | (2.38 to 2.79) | 0.63 | (0.53 to 0.63) |
| 2 or more | 1.62 | (1.30 to 1.93) | 0.55 | (0.09 to 0.55) | 3.03 | (2.82 to 3.24) | 0.59 | (0.45 to 0.73) |
| Individual lifestyle-related risks§ | ||||||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||||||
| Normal weight | 1.03 | (0.73 to 1.33) | 0.24 | (−0.05 to 0.53) | 2.37 | (2.17 to 2.57) | 0.65 | (0.54 to 0.77) |
| Overweight | 1.32 | (1.02 to 1.62) | 0.61 | (0.31 to 0.92) | 2.50 | (2.30 to 271) | 0.60 | (0.49 to 0.71) |
| Obese | 1.75 | (1.43 to 2.07) | 0.59 | (0.12 to 1.06) | 2.98 | (2.77 to 3.19) | 0.67 | (0.52 to 0.81) |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never smoker | 1.31 | (1.01 to 1.62) | 0.39 | (0.04 to 0.75) | 2.40 | (2.20 to 2.60) | 0.63 | (0.51 to 0.75) |
| Ex-smoker | 1.36 | (1.07 to 1.66) | 0.57 | (0.26 to 0.88) | 2.59 | (2.38 to 2.79) | 0.66 | (0.55 to 0.77) |
| Current smoker | 1.42 | (1.08 to 1.75) | 0.46 | (0.01 to 0.91) | 2.83 | (2.61 to 3.06) | 0.53 | (0.34 to 0.72) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Physically active | 1.23 | (0.94 to 1.52) | 0.46 | (0.18 to 0.74) | 2.30 | (2.10 to 2.50) | 0.66 | (0.55 to 0.76) |
| Low physical activity | 1.48 | (1.18 to 1.77) | 0.52 | (0.21 to 0.84) | 2.81 | (2.61 to 3.01) | 0.62 | (0.52 to 0.72) |
Models are adjusted for age, sex, race, education, non-housing wealth, health insurance coverage, BMI, smoking, physical activity, number of diseases and study cohort.
*Refers to adjusted population mean in number of physical functioning difficulties.
†Refers to increase in number of physical functioning difficulties by every 10 years.
‡Including heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis.
§Including current smoking, obesity and low physical activity.