Regression coefficients with 95% CIs and p for trend, representing associations between adolescent conduct and emotional problems and subsequent parenting practices
| Model 1 | Model 2+covariates | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | ||
| Conduct problems | |||||
| Intellectual environment (age 8) | Mild | −0.39 (−0.60 to −0.19) | <0.001 | −0.14 (−0.33 to 0.05) | 0.2 |
| Severe | −0.13 (−0.45 to 0.18) | 0.4 | 0.20 (−0.11 to 0.51) | 0.2 | |
| Cognitive stimulation (age 4) | Mild | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) | 0.5 | 0.06 (−0.08 to 0.20) | 0.4 |
| Severe | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.19) | 0.9 | 0.09 (−0.12 to 0.30) | 0.4 | |
| Coercive discipline (age 4) | Mild | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.03 to 0.30) | 0.01 |
| Severe | 0.32 (0.13 to 0.52) | 0.001 | 0.17 (−0.02 to 0.37) | 0.08 | |
| Coercive discipline (age 8) | Mild | 0.28 (0.16 to 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.30) | 0.009 |
| Severe | 0.24 (0.05 to 0.44) | 0.01 | 0.13 (−0.06 to 0.32) | 0.2 | |
| Parental interest (age 8) | Mild | −0.10 (−0.26 to 0.06) | 0.2 | 0.01 (−0.16 to 0.18) | 0.9 |
| Severe | −0.04 (−0.30 to 0.19) | 0.6 | 0.11 (−0.15 to 0.37) | 0.4 | |
| Parental aspiration (age 8) | Mild | −0.11 (−0.39 to 0.16) | 0.4 | 0.05 (−0.23 to 0.33) | 0.7 |
| Severe | 0.05 (−0.34 to 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.42 to 0.43) | 0.9 | ||
| Emotional problems | |||||
| Intellectual environment (age 8) | Mild | −0.04 (−0.21 to 0.12) | 0.6 | 0.07 (−0.09 to 0.21) | 0.5 |
| Severe | −0.11 (−0.36 to 0.15) | 0.4 | 0.08 (−0.16 to 0.33) | 0.7 | |
| Cognitive stimulation (age 4) | Mild | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.10) | 0.9 | 0.02 (−0.09 to 0.13) | 0.8 |
| Severe | −0.10 (−0.27 to 0.06) | 0.2 | −0.06 (−0.22 to 0.12) | 0.5 | |
| Coercive discipline (age 4) | Mild | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.12) | 0.7 | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.05) | 0.4 |
| Severe | 0.22 (0.07 to 0.38) | 0.005 | 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29) | 0.1 | |
| Coercive discipline (age 8) | Mild | 0.03 (−0.08 to 0.13) | 0.5 | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | 0.8 |
| Severe | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.35) | 0.01 | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.26) | 0.2 | |
| Parental interest (age 8) | Mild | −0.07 (−0.20 to 0.05) | 0.3 | −0.06 (−0.19 to 0.08) | 0.4 |
| Severe | −0.15 (−0.35 to 0.05) | 0.1 | −0.13 (−0.33 to 0.07) | 0.2 | |
| Parental aspiration (age 8) | Mild | 0.04 (−0.18 to 0.26) | 0.7 | 0.09 (−0.13 to 0.31) | 0.4 |
| Severe | −0.11 (−0.44 to 0.22) | 0.5 | −0.07 (−0.42 to 0.27) | 0.7 | |
Coefficients represent the mean difference in parents with mild and severe conduct and emotional problems versus those with none.
Model 1: adolescent conduct and emotional problems mutually adjusted only; Model 2: additionally adjusted for covariates: Parent and offspring sex, adolescent cognition, social class and educational attainment. Coefficients in bold are significant at the 5% level. The results of full models available online (tables S1 and S2).