Inequalities in under-5-year-olds and neonatal mortality (per 1000 live births) by non-wealth equity markers for selected years, with 95% confidence intervals and p values for trend
| U5DR | NDR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity marker | RR | 95% CI | RD | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RD | 95% CI |
| Urban/rural (base=urban) | ||||||||
| Rural | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.48 | (1.19 to 1.88) | 40.4 | (19.3 to 59.3) | 1.32 | (0.96 to 1.92) | 13.8 | (−2.4 to 28.7) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.58 | (1.15 to 2.36) | 31.3 | (10.8 to 51.4) | 1.50 | (0.95 to 3.14) | 13.8 | (−2.0 to 28.7) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.27 | (0.74 to 2.52) | 13.8 | (−20.4 to 42.8) | 1.59 | (0.70 to 6.49) | 12.3 | (−12.2 to 33.9) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.959 | (0.119) | −5.326 | (0.011) | 0.990 | (0.801) | −1.224 | (0.316) |
| Ecological region (base=hill) | ||||||||
| Mountain | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.80 | (1.48 to 2.16) | 82.7 | (51.9 to 114.1) | 1.44 | (1.05 to 1.87) | 20.6 | (2.7 to 38.5) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.69 | (1.23 to 2.28) | 48.3 | (18.6 to 79.8) | 1.20 | (0.68 to 2.09) | 7.2 | (−13.6 to 28.9) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.99 | (1.03 to 3.66) | 50.5 | (1.5 to 102.0) | 1.47 | (0.43 to 3.61) | 13.8 | (−19.9 to 53.0) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.020 | (0.050) | −4.424 | (0.011) | 0.993 | (0.835) | −1.185 | (0.489) |
| Terai | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.22 | (1.06 to 1.4) | 22.8 | (7.0 to 37.5) | 1.30 | (1.06 to 1.61) | 14.2 | (3.3 to 25.1) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.27 | (0.99 to 1.65) | 18.9 | (−0.7 to 37.5) | 1.27 | (0.86 to 2.03) | 9.7 | (−6.9 to 25.5) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.34 | (0.82 to 2.2) | 17.5 | (−10.7 to 45) | 1.15 | (0.58 to 2.36) | 4.4 | (−17.1 to 26.3) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.020 | (0.097) | −0.106 | (0.920) | 0.984 | (0.465) | −1.179 | (0.21) |
| Ecological region stratified by rurality (base=hill: urban) | ||||||||
| Mountain: rural | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 2.81 | (1.97 to 4.37) | 123.4 | (85.6 to 160.8) | 2.00 | (1.18 to 4.25) | 35.4 | (10.2 to 61.0) |
| 1998–1999 | 2.27 | (1.33 to 4.69) | 65.7 | (25.0 to 103.9) | 1.23 | (0.59 to 3.7) | 8.3 | (−23.1 to 36.0) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.50 | (0.67 to 3.88) | 32.8 | (−33.7 to 95.0) | 1.46 | (0.41 to 8.78) | 12.9 | (−29.4 to 56.5) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.930 | (0.093) | −12.612 | (0.002) | 0.952 | (0.507) | −3.603 | (0.231) |
| Hill: rural | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.58 | (1.14 to 2.43) | 39.6 | (12.1 to 66.0) | 1.37 | (0.83 to 2.89) | 12.9 | (−9.9 to 32.9) |
| 1998–1999 | 2.31 | (0.61 to 5.8) | 67.6 | (−24.3 to 190.7) | 2.34 | (0.01 to 9.59) | 47.6 | (−48.2 to 169.0) |
| 2004–2005 | 0.84 | (0.39 to 2.11) | −10.7 | (−67.3 to 34.1) | 1.04 | (0.35 to 6.35) | 1.2 | (−35.9 to 32.6) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.927 | (0.162) | −6.546 | (0.089) | 0.986 | (0.771) | −0.780 | (0.738) |
| Terai: rural | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.90 | (1.37 to 2.91) | 61.2 | (33.4 to 88.4) | 1.77 | (1.09 to 3.83) | 27.1 | (4.7 to 49.3) |
| 1998–1999 | 2.12 | (1.22 to 4.34) | 57.8 | (18.4 to 96.7) | 1.85 | (0.83 to 5.7) | 30.3 | (−9.8 to 68.1) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.05 | (0.51 to 2.55) | 3.5 | (−58.2 to 49.4) | 1.27 | (0.48 to 7.02) | 7.5 | (−28.4 to 36.9) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.933 | (0.091) | −7.466 | (0.01) | 0.953 | (0.244) | −2.716 | (0.060) |
| Terai: urban | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.49 | (0.98 to 2.45) | 33.7 | (−1.6 to 70.0) | 1.45 | (0.74 to 3.15) | 15.7 | (−12.8 to 43.8) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.12 | (0.58 to 2.43) | 6.2 | (−31.4 to 42.8) | 0.51 | (0.14 to 1.83) | −17.3 | (−47.1 to 10.7) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.35 | (0.48 to 3.72) | 22.9 | (−55.9 to 92.2) | 0.84 | (0.17 to 4.92) | −4.4 | (−36.3 to 32.1) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.020 | (0.654) | 0.843 | (0.772) | 0.979 | (0.820) | −0.594 | (0.842) |
| Development region (base=Eastern) | ||||||||
| Mid-western | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.50 | (1.24 to 1.86) | 48.9 | (24.8 to 74.2) | 1.22 | (0.86 to 1.73) | 10.4 | (−7.9 to 28.4) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.40 | (1.01 to 1.93) | 27.3 | (0.5 to 54.1) | 1.00 | (0.56 to 1.69) | −0.01 | (−19.5 to 22.6) |
| 2004–2005 | 2.22 | (1.16 to 4.18) | 64.5 | (10.8 to 116.8) | 2.23 | (0.88 to 5.77) | 37.8 | (−5.2 to 83.7) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.056 | (0.037) | 1.836 | (0.432) | 1.073 | (0.158) | 3.059 | (0.197) |
| Far western | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.56 | (1.26 to 1.96) | 54.0 | (27.7 to 82.7) | 1.51 | (1.05 to 2.20) | 24.4 | (2.4 to 48.5) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.54 | (1.13 to 2.08) | 36.8 | (9.9 to 64.2) | 1.27 | (0.75 to 2.00) | 10.3 | (−10.6 to 31.4) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.31 | (0.70 to 2.47) | 16.1 | (−21.1 to 52.5) | 0.42 | (0.06 to 1.25) | −17.8 | (−42.1 to 3.9) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.016 | (0.584) | −1.803 | (0.546) | 0.914 | (0.211) | −2.879 | (0.277) |
| Western | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.09 | (0.86 to 1.33) | 8.8 | (−14.6 to 28.7) | 0.99 | (0.71 to 1.39) | −0.3 | (−15.6 to 14.9) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.11 | (0.80 to 1.53) | 7.5 | (−15.3 to 31.1) | 1.06 | (0.63 to 1.65) | 2.3 | (−16.0 to 21.3) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.38 | (0.70 to 2.71) | 20.3 | (−20.5 to 61.3) | 1.53 | (0.56 to 3.8) | 16.2 | (−19.5 to 51.7) |
| Trend (p value) | 1.024 | (0.248) | 1.355 | (0.343) | 1.056 | (0.145) | 2.069 | (0.108) |
| Central | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.32 | (1.09 to 1.61) | 31.0 | (9.6 to 51.7) | 1.20 | (0.89 to 1.62) | 9.7 | (−6.4 to 23.6) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.33 | (0.97 to 1.81) | 22.4 | (−2.3 to 47.1) | 1.12 | (0.67 to 1.86) | 4.7 | (−14.7 to 26.3) |
| 2004–2005 | 0.96 | (0.52 to 1.85) | −2.2 | (−33.3 to 29.3) | 0.69 | (0.23 to 1.86) | −9.6 | (−33.2 to 15.0) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.971 | (0.307) | −2.994 | (0.244) | 0.946 | (0.119) | −1.874 | (0.161) |
| Caste/ethnicity (base=Newar) | ||||||||
| Dalits | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 2.19 | (1.54 to 3.41) | 85.9 | (51.3 to 120.5) | 2.29 | (1.29 to 5.6) | 37.3 | (13.5 to 61.7) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.67 | (0.98 to 3.31) | 42.7 | (−1.6 to 81.2) | 1.74 | (0.76 to 7.77) | 22.3 | (−12.6 to 53.3) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.30 | (0.51 to 10.45) | 24.6 | (−83.5 to 107.6) | 3.92 | (0.48 to 56.21) | 39.1 | (−25.2 to 78) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.922 | (0.066) | −9.384 | (0.008) | 1.102 | (0.122) | 0.467 | (0.807) |
| Terai/Madhesi | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 2.33 | (1.59 to 3.62) | 95.8 | (56.9 to 132.8) | 3.04 | (1.66 to 7.57) | 59.1 | (30.6 to 86.6) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.42 | (0.87 to 2.81) | 26.8 | (−12.8 to 62.9) | 1.42 | (0.63 to 6.27) | 12.6 | (−22.3 to 40.8) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.21 | (0.46 to 10.32) | 17.3 | (−93.9 to 107.9) | 4.42 | (0.67 to 68.34) | 45.8 | (−16.4 to 91.6) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.930 | (0.096) | −8.993 | (0.028) | 1.095 | (0.373) | −0.496 | (0.888) |
| Brahman/Chhetri | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.54 | (1.09 to 2.37) | 39.0 | (8.6 to 66.6) | 1.87 | (1.05 to 4.50) | 25.3 | (2.3 to 44.8) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.21 | (0.73 to 2.35) | 13.1 | (−27.4 to 45.8) | 1.08 | (0.47 to 4.62) | 2.3 | (−31.2 to 26.4) |
| 2004–2005 | 0.64 | (0.25 to 5.25) | −29.7 | (−134.1 to 51.9) | 1.89 | (0.25 to 25.29) | 12.0 | (−46.7 to 40.4) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.921 | (0.128) | −6.866 | (0.058) | 1.080 | (0.298) | 0.172 | (0.924) |
| Janajati | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 1.63 | (1.13 to 2.53) | 45.2 | (12.4 to 74.4) | 1.75 | (0.97 to 4.29) | 21.7 | (−1.4 to 42.1) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.30 | (0.80 to 2.63) | 19.1 | (−19.3 to 54.5) | 1.37 | (0.61 to 5.65) | 11.0 | (−22.3 to 37.9) |
| 2004–2005 | 0.60 | (0.22 to 5.28) | −32.7 | (−137.1 to 49.3) | 1.33 | (0.15 to 21.83) | 4.4 | (−54.7 to 27.6) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.899 | (0.108) | −9.155 | (0.056) | 1.029 | (0.692) | −1.091 | (0.559) |
| Muslim | ||||||||
| 1990–1991 | 2.06 | (1.36 to 3.29) | 76.0 | (31.9 to 119.0) | 2.34 | (1.17 to 5.84) | 38.8 | (7.7 to 67.9) |
| 1998–1999 | 1.44 | (0.79 to 2.89) | 28.2 | (−18.4 to 70.5) | 1.61 | (0.59 to 7.16) | 18.4 | (−19.7 to 52.5) |
| 2004–2005 | 1.84 | (0.58 to 16.47) | 69.7 | (−64.5 to 204.0) | 6.25 | (0.62 to 83.63) | 70.4 | (−16.0 to 148.0) |
| Trend (p value) | 0.955 | (0.300) | −4.317 | (0.301) | 1.104 | (0.187) | 2.133 | (0.524) |
See the web appendix file for full results. The small number of observations and possible non-linear relationships implies that the trend estimates should be treated with caution.
CI, confidence interval; NDR, neonatal death rate; RR, rate ratio; RD, rate difference; U5DR, under-5-year-olds’ death rate.