Table 3

Socioeconomic inequalities in child health measures, and changes in these over childhood

Outcome	Age (years) at first measure	Gender	N	Inequality by maternal education at baseline (first age of assessment)		Change in inequality with each year of age		p for gender differences
Outcome	Age (years) at first measure	Gender	N	SII (95% CI)	p Value	Interaction with age (95% CI)	p Value	p for gender differences
Overall parent-assessed health	0	Combined	10663	0.07 (−0.004 to 0.14)	0.07	−0.01 (−0.01 to 0.003)	0.2	0.8
Height	0	Combined	11463	0.15 (0.09 to 0.22)	<0.001	0.01 (0.004 to 0.02)	0.002	0.7
Total fat-mass	9	Male	3799	−0.8 (−0.20 to 0.04)	0.2	0.001 (−0.02 to 0.02)	0.9	0.004
	9	Female	3843	−0.29 (−0.41 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.01 (−0.03 to 0.003)	0.1
Cholesterol	9	Combined	5560	−0.12 (−0.23 to −0.02)	0.02	0.02 (−0.001 to 0.04)	0.06	0.8
Triglycerides	9	Combined	5560	0.02 (−0.08 to 0.13)	0.7	−0.004 (−0.03 to 0.02)	0.7	0.1
HDL cholesterol	9	Male	2803	−0.10 (−0.24 to 0.04)	0.2	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04)	0.3	0.02
	9	Female	2757	0.10 (−0.05 to 0.25)	0.2	0.02 (−0.004 to 0.05)	0.09
CRP	9	Male	2803	−0.03 (−0.18 to 0.12)	0.7	0.001 (−0.04 to 0.04)	1.0	0.002
	9	Female	2757	−0.24 (−0.39 to −0.08)	0.003	−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01)	0.1
SBP	7	Combined	8488	−0.28 (−0.35 to −0.20)	<0.001	0.03 (0.01 to 0.04)	<0.001	0.4
DBP	7	Combined	8487	−0.24 (−0.31 to −0.16)	<0.001	0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)	0.01	0.3
BMD	9	Combined	7642	0.12 (0.03 to 0.20)	0.007	−0.01 (−0.03 to −0.002)	0.02	0.2

SII represents the mean difference in SDs of the outcome between the individuals with the hypothetical highest and lowest maternal education at baseline (intercept)—that is, at the first age at which outcomes were assessed. The interaction with age coefficient represents the additional change in SDs of the outcome between the hypothetical highest and lowest SEP for every 1 year increase in the child's age. 95% CIs are calculated using robust SEs. Results are adjusted for the child's exact age in weeks at the time of outcome measurement and the child's gender. Fat-mass is additionally adjusted for height and height squared.
BMD, bone mineral density; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SEP, socioeconomic position; SII, slope index of inequality.