Regression models predicting BAS naming vocabulary (unstandardised coefficients with SE in parentheses)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
| Poverty transitions (ref nnn) | |||||
| nnp | −2.929*** (0.830) | −2.482** (0.852) | −1.034 (0.810) | −0.410 (0.811) | |
| npn | −3.636*** (0.808) | −3.295*** (0.799) | −1.923* (0.769) | −1.254 (0.762) | |
| npp | −7.084*** (0.748) | −6.353*** (0.761) | −4.042*** (0.699) | −2.872*** (0.721) | |
| pnn | −6.195*** (0.719) | −5.596*** (0.722) | −4.200*** (0.686) | −3.541*** (0.691) | |
| pnp | −7.689*** (1.096) | −7.136*** (1.130) | −4.656*** (1.153) | −3.448** (1.152) | |
| ppn | −7.604*** (0.830) | −6.833*** (0.855) | −4.414*** (0.810) | −3.284*** (0.835) | |
| ppp | −10.314*** (0.512) | −9.507*** (0.613) | −6.328*** (0.610) | −4.890*** (0.664) | |
| Relationship transitions (ref stably married) | |||||
| Exit marriage | −3.387*** (0.741) | −1.382 (0.718) | −0.462 (0.714) | −1.025 (0.727) | |
| Stably cohabiting | −3.379*** (0.495) | −1.950*** (0.470) | −0.893 (0.464) | −0.587 (0.474) | |
| Cohabiting to married | −2.333*** (0.698) | −1.697* (0.702) | −0.553 (0.704) | −0.357 (0.700) | |
| Cohabiting to other | −5.606*** (0.738) | −1.777* (0.785) | −0.007 (0.768) | −0.521 (0.780) | |
| Stably single | −8.000*** (0.686) | −1.606* (0.815) | 0.135 (0.808) | −0.892 (0.840) | |
| Single to married | −7.308*** (1.649) | −2.852 (1.520) | −1.589 (1.571) | −1.185 (1.542) | |
| Single to other | −6.227*** (0.851) | −0.779 (0.875) | 1.022 (0.877) | 1.118 (0.868) | |
| Maternal age MCS1 (ref 14 to 19) | |||||
| 20 to 29 | 1.321 (0.848) | 1.450 (0.848) | |||
| 30 to 39 | 2.596** (0.832) | 2.497** (0.839) | |||
| 40+ | 2.202 (1.144) | 1.889 (1.139) | |||
| Highest parental qualifications (ref none) | |||||
| NVQ1 | 2.332* (1.024) | 2.026* (1.030) | |||
| NVQ2 | 3.544*** (0.881) | 3.246*** (0.894) | |||
| NVQ3 | 5.027*** (0.893) | 4.536*** (0.911) | |||
| NVQ4 | 8.206*** (0.899) | 7.404*** (0.928) | |||
| NVQ5 | 8.941*** (0.990) | 8.037*** (1.018) | |||
| Family owned home, MCS 3 | 0.891 (0.516) | ||||
| Crowding index, MCS 3 | 2.713*** (0.363) | ||||
| R2 | 0.155 | 0.118 | 0.158 | 0.187 | 0.195 |
All models contain child control variables: age at interview, gender, ethnicity, birth weight and fine and gross motor delays at 9 month.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
Poverty transitions: The reference category is not being poor at any of the three measurement points (nnn). The coding of this variable differentiates families who moved into poverty only at the last measurement point when the child was aged 5 years (nnp), families who experienced poverty only at the second measurement point when the child was aged 3 years (npn), who were poor when the child was aged 3 and 5 years (npp), who were poor only at the first measurement point at the age of 9 months (pnn) and so on. Being poor at all three measurement points is coded as ppp.
BAS, British ability scales; MCS, Millennium Cohort Study; NVQ, national vocational qualification.