Unadjusted associations between change in infrastructure function and positive change in health outcome (report of illness at baseline and no illness at follow-up) (n=418)
| Measures of change in infrastructure function | Children, n (%)* | Any illness†, OR (95% CI) | Skin infection no scabies, OR (95% CI) | Scabies with or without skin infection, OR (95% CI) | Respiratory infection, OR (95% CI) | Gastroenteritis, OR (95% CI) | Ear infection, OR (95% CI) |
| Overall SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 205 (58.7) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 58 (16.6) | 1.00 (0.44 to 2.26) | 1.04 (0.39 to 2.72) | 1.32 (0.59 to 2.98) | 1.00 (0.4 to 2.51) | 0.79 (0.36 to 1.72) | 0.78 (0.33 to 1.86) |
| Improvement of two or more | 86 (24.6) | 1.29 (0.66 to 2.53) | 0.77 (0.32 to 1.86) | 2.04 (1.01 to 4.14) | 0.97 (0.46 to 2.05) | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.40) | 0.50 (0.21 to 1.16) |
| Overall SFS median | |||||||
| Less than or equal to median (score=0) | 213 (61) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Greater than or equal to median (one plus) | 136 (39) | 1.42 (0.77 to 2.62) | 0.98 (0.47 to 2.05) | 1.36 (0.72 to 2.56) | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.76) | 0.88 (0.50 to 1.58) | 0.75 (0.39 to 1.45) |
| Overall FHLP | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 167 (53) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 29 (9.2) | 1.02 (0.36 to 2.89) | 1.09 (0.28 to 4.25) | 4.56 (1.84 to 11.3) | 0.42 (0.11 to 1.57) | 1.25 (0.56 to 2.79) | 1.03 (0.33 to 3.26) |
| Improvement of two or more | 119 (37.8) | 0.99 (0.51 to 1.93) | 1.36 (0.60 to 3.09) | 2.56 (1.23 to 5.32) | 0.65 (0.33 to 1.29) | 0.70 (0.38 to 1.31) | 0.77 (0.39 to 1.52) |
| Wash people SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 203 (58.2) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 56 (16.1) | 1.19 (0.53 to 2.68) | 0.85 (0.33 to 2.24) | 1.25 (0.56 to 2.77) | 1.74 (0.80 to 3.79) | 1.37 (0.72 to 2.62) | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.34) |
| Improvement of two or more | 90 (25.8) | 0.85 (0.41 to 1.80) | 0.69 (0.27 to 1.81) | 1.52 (0.73 to 3.16) | 0.67 (0.30 to 1.46) | 0.53 (0.27 to 1.04) | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.51) |
| Wash clothes and bedding SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 233 (66.8) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 28 (8) | 1.05 (0.35 to 3.13) | 0.50 (0.11 to 2.27) | 1.09 (0.40 to 2.99) | 1.43 (0.43 to 4.80) | 1.29 (0.51 to 3.29) | 0.80 (0.24 to 2.69) |
| Improvement of 2 or more | 88 (25.2) | 0.86 (0.43 to 1.71) | 0.48 (0.17 to 1.31) | 1.68 (0.86 to 3.28) | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.84) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.45) | 0.42 (0.17 to 1.04) |
| Prepare and store food SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 220 (63) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 57 (16.3) | 1.61 (0.71 to 3.63) | 0.50 (0.18 to 1.36) | 1.78 (0.80 to 4.00) | 2.67 (1.30 to 5.49) | 1.37 (0.65 to 2.92) | 0.81 (0.31 to 2.07) |
| Improvement of two or more | 72 (20.6) | 1.18 (0.56 to 2.49) | 0.60 (0.19 to 1.85) | 2.13 (1.00 to 4.56) | 0.71 (0.31 to 1.62) | 0.52 (0.25 to 1.09) | 0.45 (0.19 to 1.06) |
| Remove human waste (toilet) SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 196 (56.2) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 52 (14.9) | 0.67 (0.28 to 1.61) | 0.42 (0.13 to 1.39) | 1.24 (0.50 to 3.11) | 1.29 (0.57 to 2.91) | 1.11 (0.52 to 2.36) | 0.49 (0.16 to 1.51) |
| Improvement of two or more | 101 (28.9) | 0.91 (0.43 to 1.89) | 0.84 (0.37 to 1.87) | 1.69 (0.87 to 3.27) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.82) | 0.56 (0.29 to 1.09) | 0.56 (0.25 to 1.28) |
| Remove rubbish SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 313 (88.4) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 21 (5.9) | 0.43 (0.10 to 1.88) | 0.84 (0.17 to 4.02) | 1.02 (0.22 to 4.79) | 0.73 (0.24 to 2.23) | 0.82 (0.29 to 2.32) | NE |
| Improvement of two or more | 20 (5.7) | 2.70 (0.95 to 7.67) | 1.40 (0.44 to 4.51) | 3.29 (1.40 to 7.76) | 1.88 (0.84 to 4.21) | 1.49 (0.53 to 4.17) | 0.57 (0.17 to 1.89) |
| Control dust (fence) SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 259 (73.2) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 28 (7.9) | 1.54 (0.55 to 4.30) | 1.27 (0.40 to 4.07) | 0.72 (0.24 to 2.16) | 1.90 (0.75 to 4.84) | 1.45 (0.58 to 3.63) | 1.23 (0.36 to 4.16) |
| Improvement of two or more | 67 (18.9) | 1.83 (0.87 to 3.84) | 0.75 (0.27 to 2.07) | 1.58 (0.77 to 3.24) | 1.26 (0.58 to 2.71) | 1.14 (0.54 to 2.38) | 0.88 (0.39 to 1.94) |
| Reduce trauma SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 202 (57.1) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 58 (16.4) | 0.95 (0.42 to 2.13) | 0.94 (0.36 to 2.5) | 1.24 (0.51 to 3.05) | 1.33 (0.62 to 2.84) | 1.29 (0.60 to 2.78) | 0.53 (0.19 to 1.48) |
| Improvement of two or more | 94 (26.6) | 1.17 (0.64 to 2.13) | 1.2 (0.53 to 2.73) | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.26) | 0.73 (0.33 to 1.63) | 0.55 (0.28 to 1.07) | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.24) |
| Sleeping and bedding SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 274 (78.5) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 19 (5.4) | NE | 0.41 (0.06 to 2.64) | 0.67 (0.17 to 2.70) | 0.22 (0.04 to 1.28) | 0.39 (0.05 to 3.00) | 0.31 (0.04 to 2.58) |
| Improvement of two or more | 56 (16.1) | 1.30 (0.60 to 2.82) | 0.72 (0.23 to 2.23) | 1.24 (0.53 to 2.86) | 0.75 (0.29 to 1.90) | 1.12 (0.54 to 2.29) | 0.92 (0.40 to 2.10) |
| Control temperature SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 268 (75.7) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 21 (5.9) | 0.37 (0.08 to 1.85) | 0.34 (0.05 to 2.32) | 0.92 (0.30 to 2.82) | 0.66 (0.22 to 2.03) | 0.32 (0.08 to 1.33) | 0.85 (0.24 to 3.03) |
| Improvement of two or more | 65 (18.4) | 0.72 (0.32 to 1.64) | 0.57 (0.18 to 1.78) | 1.01 (0.43 to 2.33) | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.55) | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.41) | 0.52 (0.22 to 1.19) |
| Control mould SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 236 (67.6) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 22 (6.3) | 1.55 (0.55 to 4.39) | 0.66 (0.16 to 2.66) | 3.61 (1.51 to 8.63) | 0.83 (0.27 to 2.51) | 1.05 (0.39 to 2.88) | 0.80 (0.22 to 2.92) |
| Improvement of two or more | 91 (26.1) | 1.02 (0.51 to 2.04) | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.29) | 2.04 (1.03 to 4.07) | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.17) | 0.39 (0.19 to 0.78) | 0.55 (0.26 to 1.17) |
| House surrounds SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 259 (73.2) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 40 (11.3) | 0.65 (0.23 to 1.84) | 0.16 (0.02 to 1.11) | 1.86 (0.80 to 4.33) | 1.36 (0.58 to 3.18) | 1.26 (0.56 to 2.82) | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.44) |
| Improvement of two or more | 55 (15.5) | 0.93 (0.39 to 2.20) | 0.50 (0.17 to 1.49) | 1.42 (0.61 to 3.32) | 0.50 (0.21 to 1.22) | 0.65 (0.30 to 1.39) | 0.78 (0.35 to 1.72) |
| Separate animals and people SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 281 (79.4) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 22 (6.2) | 0.18 (0.03 to 1.05) | 1.19 (0.40 to 3.54) | 1.38 (0.46 to 4.15) | NE | 0.71 (0.19 to 2.64) | NE |
| Improvement of two or more | 51 (14.4) | 1.32 (0.59 to 2.91) | 0.64 (0.17 to 2.35) | 1.71 (0.76 to 3.83) | 0.59 (0.27 to 1.27) | 0.68 (0.29 to 1.61) | 0.53 (0.21 to 1.30) |
| Control pests and vermin SFS | |||||||
| Limited or no change (reference) | 246 (70.5) | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Deterioration of two or more | 33 (9.5) | 0.54 (0.19 to 1.56) | 0.23 (0.03 to 1.50) | 1.93 (0.81 to 4.58) | 0.89 (0.39 to 2.03) | 1.27 (0.47 to 3.45) | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.25) |
| Improvement of two or more | 70 (20.1) | 1.16 (0.56 to 2.39) | 0.93 (0.35 to 2.44) | 1.00 (0.41 to 2.49) | 0.75 (0.36 to 1.57) | 0.85 (0.44 to 1.63) | 0.35 (0.14 to 0.90) |
↵* Between 64% and 69% (15.3%–16.5%) of cohort children had missing data for at least one of the SFS items; 103 (24.6%) were missing one or more data items required to calculate the overall FHLP score.
↵† Refers to report of any one of the five illnesses included in this table.
FHLP, failed healthy living practice; NE, not estimable (either no cases or predicts perfectly so dropped (including observations associated with this category)); SFS, Surveyor Function Score.
ORs for which the CI excludes 1 are shown in bold.