Multilevel regression results of poor health at wave 5 by the number of childhood residential moves made
| M4* | ICC† | M4: + HoH social class at wave 5 | ICC† | M4: + Educational attainment at wave 5 | ICC† | ||||
| 1–2 moves | 3+ moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | ||||
| Physical health measures‡ | |||||||||
| BMI | 0.38 (−0.57 to 1.33) | −0.10 (−1.42 to 1.22) | 0.000 | 0.38 (−0.57 to 1.33) | −0.10 (−1.43 to 1.22) | 0.000 | 0.37 (−0.58 to 1.32) | −0.07 (−1.39 to 1.25) | 0.000 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 |
| Lung function (L/m2) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.000 |
| Mid-blood pressure (mm Hg) | −0.17 (−2.17 to 1.84) | −1.81 (−4.58 to 0.96) | 0.000 | −0.20 (−2.18 to 1.78) | −1.51 (−4.03 to 1.01) | 0.000 | −0.18 (−2.16 to 1.80) | −1.32 (−3.83 to 1.19) | 0.000 |
| Overall health | |||||||||
| Limiting long-term illness | 1.32 (0.92 to 1.89) | 1.50 (0.92 to 2.45) | 0.000 | 1.33 (0.92 to 1.90) | 1.44 (0.88 to 2.37) | 0.000 | 1.32 (0.92 to 1.90) | 1.50 (0.92 to 2.45) | 0.000 |
| Fair/poor general health | 1.32 (0.84 to 2.07) | 1.43 (0.79 to 2.59) | 0.052 | 1.33 (0.84 to 2.10) | 1.38 (0.76 to 2.53) | 0.057 | 1.32 (0.84 to 2.09) | 1.46 (0.80 to 2.65) | 0.051 |
| Psychological distress | |||||||||
| GHQ-12 (3+) | 1.12 (0.72 to 1.77) | 1.35 (0.74 to 2.45) | 0.000 | 1.13 (0.72 to 1.78) | 1.29 (0.70 to 2.35) | 0.000 | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.85) | 1.47 (0.80 to 2.69) | 0.010 |
| HADS anxiety (11+) | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.61) | 1.63 (0.82 to 3.25) | 0.000 | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.62) | 1.60 (0.80 to 3.20) | 0.000 | 1.56 (0.92 to 2.65) | 1.69 (0.85 to 3.39) | 0.000 |
| Suicidal ideation | 2.40 (0.90 to 6.41) | 2.25 (0.68 to 7.47) | 0.000 | 2.37 (0.89 to 6.36) | 2.04 (0.61 to 6.79) | 0.000 | 2.64 (0.98 to 7.16) | 2.72 (0.81 to 9.18) | 0.000 |
| Health behaviours | |||||||||
| Heavy drinking | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.60) | 1.57 (0.88 to 2.78) | 0.000 | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61) | 1.56 (0.88 to 2.78) | 0.000 | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.65) | 1.67 (0.94 to 2.97) | 0.000 |
| Illegal drug use | 1.14 (0.68 to 1.89) | 1.92 (1.00 to 3.69) | 0.044 | 1.14 (0.68 to 1.91) | 1.73 (0.89 to 3.36) | 0.047 | 1.16 (0.70 to 1.93) | 1.98 (1.02 to 3.80) | 0.038 |
| Smoking | 0.97 (0.65 to 1.46) | 1.53 (0.89 to 2.64) | 0.011 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.47) | 1.44 (0.82 to 2.52) | 0.022 | 0.99 (0.66 to 1.51) | 1.60 (0.91 to 2.79) | 0.015 |
| M4: + Marital status at wave 5 | ICC† | M4: + Health measure at wave 2 | ICC† | |||
| 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | 1–2 moves | 3 + moves | |||
| Physical health measures‡ | ||||||
| BMI | 0.38 (−0.57 to 1.33) | −0.11 (−1.44 to 1.21) | 0.000 | 0.61 (−0.27 to 1.48) | 0.32 (−0.90 to 1.54) | 0.000 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.000 |
| Lung function (L/m2) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) | 0.000 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.000 |
| Mid-blood pressure (mm Hg) | −0.26 (−2.24 to 1.72) | −1.42 (−3.97 to 1.13) | 0.000 | −0.49 (−2.40 to 1.43) | −1.26 (−3.70 to 1.18) | 0.000 |
| Overall health | ||||||
| Limiting long-term illness | 1.31 (0.91 to 1.88) | 1.47 (0.90 to 2.41) | 0.000 | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.88) | 1.47 (0.89 to 2.42) | 0.000 |
| Fair/poor general health | 1.29 (0.81 to 2.03) | 1.36 (0.75 to 2.48) | 0.045 | 1.35 (0.84 to 2.13) | 1.44 (0.79 to 2.64) | 0.061 |
| Psychological distress | ||||||
| GHQ-12 (3+) | 1.09 (0.69 to 1.72) | 1.30 (0.71 to 2.39) | 0.000 | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.62) | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.28) | 0.000 |
| HADS anxiety (11+) | 1.53 (0.90 to 2.59) | 1.60 (0.80 to 3.19) | 0.000 | 1.66 (0.97 to 2.84) | 1.76 (0.88 to 3.56) | 0.000 |
| Suicidal ideation | 2.31 (0.86 to 6.19) | 2.17 (0.65 to 7.29) | 0.000 | 2.28 (0.83 to 6.24) | 1.71 (0.49 to 5.87) | 0.000 |
| Health behaviours | ||||||
| Heavy drinking | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.60) | 1.57 (0.88 to 2.78) | 0.000 | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.62) | 1.49 (0.83 to 2.66) | 0.000 |
| Illegal drug use | 1.06 (0.63 to 1.79) | 1.75 (0.89 to 3.43) | 0.041 | 1.10 (0.65 to 1.85) | 1.52 (0.77 to 2.99) | 0.028 |
| Smoking | 0.94 (0.62 to 1.42) | 1.46 (0.84 to 2.54) | 0.014 | 0.96 (0.61 to 1.53) | 1.25 (0.67 to 2.32) | 0.012 |
The mean difference is shown for physical health measures and ORs are shown for all other health measures. 95% CIs are given in brackets.
The reference category is 0 moves. Values for M4 are taken from the last columns of table 3 for respondents at wave 5. Individual characteristics at wave 5 and prior health measure at wave 2 are each added to M4 separately. Statistically significant results are given in bold.
↵* Model results as in final columns of table 3 (wave 5).
↵† Intraclass correlation coefficient (area-level variance as a proportion of the total variance). Individual variance is approximated by π2/3.31
↵‡ There were 20 missing values for BMI, 25 for waist:hip ratio, 35 for lung function and 2 for mid-blood pressure.
BMI, body mass index; GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire.