Pooled effect estimates of various noise indicators on blood pressure dipping: results from fixed effects models (except where noted)
| Model | Systolic dipping (%) | Diastolic dipping (%) |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Long-term noise exposure | ||
| LAeq 24 h air* (5 dB) | 0.10 (−0.30 to 0.50) | 0.10 (−0.40 to 0.55) |
| LAeq 24 h road† (5 dB) | −0.45 (−0.95 to 0.50) | −0.55 (−1.10 to 0.05) |
| LAeq 24 h air‡ (5 dB) | 0.10 (−0.75 to 0.90)¶¶¶ | 0.25 (−0.30 to 0.75) |
| LAeq 24 h road traffic§ (5 dB) | −0.43 (−0.96 to 0.10) | −0.51 (−1.12 to 0.11) |
| Lnight aircraft¶ (5 dB) | 0.18 (−0.25 to 0.61) | 0.16 (−0.33 to 0.64) |
| Lnight road traffic** (5 dB) | −0.48 (−0.98 to 0.02) | −0.55 (−1.12 to 0.02) |
| Measured indoor noise during the study night | ||
| LAeq night†† (5 dB) | 0.42 (−0.77 to 1.60) | 0.36 (−0.94 to 1.65) |
| No of events from all sources‡‡ | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.002 (−0.04 to 0.04) |
| No of aircraft events‡‡ | 0.002 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.12) |
| Aircraft noise§§ (5 dB) | −0.05 (−0.55 to 0.50) | 0.05 (−0.50 to 0.65) |
| No of road traffic events‡‡ | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | −0.002 (−0.06 to 0.06) |
| Road traffic noise¶¶ (5 dB) | −0.55 (−1.25 to 0.10) | −0.80 (−1.55 to −0.05) |
| No of indoor events‡‡ | −0.001 (−0.11 to 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.14 to 0.11) |
| Indoor noise*** (5 dB) | 0.45 (−0.32 to 1.21) | 0.41 (−0.42 to 1.23) |
| Annoyance from aircraft night††† (1 unit) | 0.09 (−0.22 to 0.40) | 0.11 (−0.25 to 0.46) |
| Annoyance from road traffic night††† (1 unit) | 0.05 (−0.42 to 0.52) | −0.06 (−0.61 to 0.48) |
| Sleep quality‡‡‡ (1 unit) | 1.03 (−0.003 to 2.07) | 0.95 (−0.28 to 2.18) |
| Device disturbance§§§ (1 unit) | −0.23 (−2.44 to 1.97)¶¶¶ | −0.32 (−2.34 to 1.71)¶¶¶ |
↵* Modelled long-term aircraft noise exposure based on annual estimate.
↵† Modelled long-term road traffic noise exposure based on annual estimate.
↵‡ Modelled long-term aircraft noise exposure based on annual estimate, adjusted for road traffic noise.
↵§ Modelled long-term road traffic noise exposure based on annual estimate, adjusted for aircraft noise.
↵¶ Modelled long-term night aircraft noise exposure based on annual estimate.
↵** Modelled long-term night road traffic noise exposure based on annual estimate.
↵†† Measured indoor noise during study night-time sleep.
↵‡‡ Number of events >35 dB during the study night.
↵§§ Noise from aircraft (LAeq based on SEL10) during the study night.
↵¶¶ Noise from road traffic (LAeq based on SEL10) during the study night.
↵*** Noise from indoor sources (LAeq based on SEL10) during the study night.
↵††† Annoyance score with range 0–10 (10=highly annoyed).
↵‡‡‡ Score with range 1–5 (5=slept very well).
↵§§§ Score with range 1–5 (5=very much annoyed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device).
↵¶¶¶ Significant heterogeneity.