Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p Value | |
Model 1: Cooking with solid fuels | ||
Univariate model* | ||
Cleaner fuel use | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuel use | 2.50 (1.40 to 4.49) | 0.002 |
Multivariable model† | ||
Cleaner fuel use | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuel use | 2.35 (1.22 to 4.52) | 0.011 |
Model 2: Cooking stove ventilation | ||
Univariate model* | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood | 1.30 (0.50 to 3.40) | 0.587 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood | 2.73 (1.52 to 4.91) | 0.001 |
Multivariable model† | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood | 1.25 (0.46 to 3.39) | 0.667 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood | 2.68 (1.38 to 5.23) | 0.004 |
Test for trend across ordered groups | – | <0.001 |
Model 3: Cooking location | ||
Univariate model* | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels outdoors | 2.10 (1.12 to 3.97) | 0.022 |
Solid fuels indoors | 2.71 (1.50 to 4.98) | 0.001 |
Multivariable model† | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels outdoors | 1.96 (0.95 to 4.06) | 0.070 |
Solid fuels indoors | 2.48 (1.29 to 4.77) | 0.006 |
Test for trend across ordered groups | – | <0.001 |
Model 4: Cooking stove ventilation and cooking location | ||
Univariate model* | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood outdoors | 1.42 (0.30 to 6.81) | 0.662 |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood indoors | 1.03 (0.33 to 3.17) | 0.962 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood outdoors | 2.25 (1.18 to 4.30) | 0.014 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood indoors | 2.96 (1.63 to 5.36) | <0.001 |
Multivariable model† | ||
Cleaner fuels | 1.00 | – |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood outdoors | 1.42 (0.27 to 7.31) | 0.678 |
Solid fuels with chimney/hood indoors | 0.94 (0.30 to 2.91) | 0.911 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood outdoors | 2.16 (1.03 to 4.56) | 0.043 |
Solid fuels without chimney/hood indoors | 2.85 (1.46 to 5.57) | 0.002 |
*Adjusted for sex of child.
†Adjusted for sex of child, wealth and maternal education.