Table 4 Regression output: the effect of grandmothers’ presence and education on child height and weight-for-age z-scores in all households (N = 5464)

	Height-for-age				Weight-for-age
	Coeff	SE	p₁	p₂	Coeff	SE	p₁	p₂
Constant	−1.494	0.123	0.000		−1.568	0.097	0.000
Maternal education
Primary	0.060	0.044	0.172		0.045	0.038	0.232
Secondary	0.055	0.051	0.282		0.071	0.043	0.097
Higher	0.224	0.060	0.000	0.001	0.230	0.051	0.000	<0.001
Paternal education
Primary	0.021	0.044	0.639		0.016	0.038	0.669
Secondary	0.130	0.048	0.007		0.064	0.041	0.119
Higher	0.213	0.051	0.000	<0.001	0.162	0.043	0.000	<0.001
Grandmother status
Present uneducated	−0.056	0.044	0.197		−0.031	0.037	0.408
Present educated	0.131	0.070	0.063	0.461	0.194	0.060	0.001	0.043
Confounders
Age of mother (years)	0.242	0.065	0.000		0.115	0.055	0.036
Housing quality score (household wealth) (0–1)	0.036	0.040	0.374		0.057	0.034	0.095
Household land ownership (0, no; 1, yes)	0.008	0.011	0.488		0.010	0.009	0.304
Adults in household (no.)	−0.055	0.017	0.001		−0.041	0.014	0.005
Children in household (no.)	0.017	0.021	0.410		0.010	0.018	0.574
Economic sectors household involved with (no.)	0.188	0.108	0.082		0.261	0.072	0.000
Urbanity (0, rural; 1, urban)	−0.097	0.094	0.301		−0.376	0.061	0.000
Country (0, Vietnam; 1, India)	0.242	0.065	0.000		0.115	0.055	0.036
Independent risk factors
Age of child (months)	−0.004	0.000	0.000		−0.001	0.000	0.001
Sex of child (0, female; 1, male)	−0.138	0.029	0.000		−0.105	0.025	0.000

p₁, p Value for categorical variable; p₂, p value for linear variable.