Consumption of food groups among cases of exocrine pancreatic cancer with and without mutations in the K-ras oncogene
| All cases (n = 107) | K-ras | Adjusted OR† | Adjusted OR‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mutated (n = 83) | Wild-type (n = 24) | p Value§ | OR (95% CI) | p Value ¶ | OR (95% CI) | p Value ¶ | ||
| Values in parentheses are column percentages. | ||||||||
| The first category of each variable is the reference category (OR 1.00). | ||||||||
| *Excluding butter. | ||||||||
| †Odds ratio adjusted for total energy, age and sex. | ||||||||
| ‡Odds ratio adjusted for total energy, age, sex, smoking, alcohol and coffee (dairy products not adjusted for coffee, see table 2). | ||||||||
| §Unless otherwise specified, p value derived from Fisher’s exact test. | ||||||||
| ¶Unless otherwise specified, p value derived from the multivariate analogue of Mantel’s extension test for linear trend. | ||||||||
| **Mantel–Haenszel’s χ2 test for linear trend. | ||||||||
| ††Likelihood ratio test. | ||||||||
| ‡‡Low: rarely or never; medium: several times per month; high: several times per week or daily. | ||||||||
| §§Low: rarely or never, or several times per month; medium: several times per week; high: daily. | ||||||||
| ¶¶Low: rarely or never, or several times per month; high: several times per week, or daily. | ||||||||
| Milk and other dairy products* | ||||||||
| Non-daily | 18 (16.8) | 10 (12.0) | 8 (33.3) | 0.026 | 1.00 | 0.008 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
| Daily | 89 (83.2) | 73 (88.0) | 16 (66.7) | 6.30 (1.56–25.41) | 7.58 (1.73–33.25) | |||
| Butter | ||||||||
| Low‡‡ | 68 (63.6) | 49 (59.0) | 19 (79.2) | 0.063** | 1.00 | 0.049 | 1.00 | 0.048 |
| Medium | 11 (10.3) | 9 (10.8) | 2 (8.3) | 1.77 (0.34–9.24) | 1.74 (0.32–9.40) | |||
| High | 28 (26.2) | 25 (30.1) | 3 (12.5) | 3.45 (0.89–13.36) | 3.59 (0.90–14.51) | |||
| All dairy products | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 17 (15.9) | 9 (10.8) | 8 (33.3) | 0.008** | 1.00 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.002 |
| Medium | 63 (58.9) | 50 (60.2) | 13 (54.2) | 6.15 (1.50–25.24) | 7.43 (1.67–33.05) | |||
| High | 27 (25.2) | 24 (28.9) | 3 (12.5) | 15.53 (2.35–102.40) | 19.68 (2.64–146.51) | |||
| Coffee | ||||||||
| Non-regular drinker | 18 (16.8) | 10 (12.0) | 8 (33.3) | 0.026 | 1.00 | 0.011 | 1.00 | 0.006 |
| Regular drinker | 89 (83.2) | 73 (88.0) | 16 (66.7) | 5.27 (1.44–19.30) | 6.99 (1.71–28.66) | |||
| 0 cups per week | 18 (17.1) | 10 (12.3) | 8 (33.3) | 0.038** | 1.00 | 0.014 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| 1–7 cups per week | 28 (26.7) | 22 (27.2) | 6 (25.0) | 4.07 (0.96–17.27) | 4.30 (0.92–20.08) | |||
| 8–14 cups per week | 27 (25.7) | 22 (27.2) | 5 (20.8) | 5.75 (1.13–29.12) | 8.75 (1.48–51.57) | |||
| ⩾15 cups per week | 32 (30.5) | 27 (33.3) | 5 (20.8) | 6.33 (1.39–28.88) | 11.15 (2.03–61.23) | |||
| Raw vegetables | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 17 (15.9) | 12 (14.5) | 5 (20.8) | 0.171 | 1.00 | 0.605 | 1.00 | 0.668 |
| Medium | 35 (32.7) | 31 (37.3) | 4 (16.7) | 0.645** | 3.58 (0.77–16.55) | 0.103†† | 3.24 (0.60–15.53) | 0.211†† |
| High | 55 (51.4) | 40 (48.2) | 15 (62.5) | 1.08 (0.30–3.89) | 1.09 (0.26–4.53) | |||
| Cooked vegetables | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 31 (29.0) | 28 (33.7) | 3 (12.5) | 0.112 | 1.00 | 0.096 | 1.00 | 0.136 |
| Medium | 49 (45.8) | 35 (42.2) | 14 (58.3) | 0.124** | 0.24 (0.06–0.95) | 0.074†† | 0.20 (0.05–0.92) | 0.077†† |
| High | 27 (25.2) | 20 (24.1) | 7 (29.2) | 0.26 (0.06–1.21) | 0.25 (0.05–1.33) | |||
| All vegetables | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 46 (43.0) | 38 (45.8) | 8 (33.3) | 0.493 | 1.00 | 0.228 | 1.00 | 0.369 |
| Medium | 40 (37.4) | 30 (36.1) | 10 (41.7) | 0.271** | 0.55 (0.17–1.74) | 0.60 (0.17–2.15) | ||
| High | 21 (19.6) | 15 (18.1) | 6 (25.0) | 0.47 (0.13–1.68) | 0.54 (0.14–2.13) | |||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 8 (7.5) | 7 (8.4) | 1 (4.2) | 0.765 | 1.00 | 0.583 | 1.00 | 0.536 |
| Medium | 15 (14.0) | 11 (13.3) | 4 (16.7) | 0.712** | 0.39 (0.04–4.41) | 0.706†† | 0.38 (0.03–5.08) | 0.705†† |
| High | 84 (78.5) | 65 (78.3) | 19 (79.2) | 0.45 (0.04–4.32) | 0.40 (0.04–4.52) | |||
| Vegetables & fruits | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 33 (30.8) | 28 (33.7) | 5 (20.8) | 0.397 | 1.00 | 0.173 | 1.00 | 0.219 |
| Medium | 32 (29.9) | 25 (30.1) | 7 (29.2) | 0.232** | 0.51 (0.13–1.98) | 0.084†† | 0.44 (0.10–1.97) | 0.083†† |
| High | 42 (39.3) | 30 (36.1) | 12 (50.0) | 0.31 (0.08–1.22) | 0.28 (0.06–1.26) | |||
| Vegetable oil | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 7 (6.5) | 6 (7.2) | 1 (4.2) | 0.888 | 1.00 | 0.320 | 1.00 | 0.182 |
| Medium | 8 (7.5) | 7 (8.4) | 1 (4.2) | 0.411** | 1.20 (0.06–24.53) | 0.57 (0.02–15.05) | ||
| High | 92 (86.0) | 70 (84.3) | 22 (91.7) | 0.46 (0.05–4.38) | 0.24 (0.02–2.95) | |||
| Lard | ||||||||
| Low‡‡ | 91 (85.0) | 72 (86.7) | 19 (79.2) | 0.549 | 1.00 | 0.376 | 1.00 | 0.575 |
| Medium | 10 (9.3) | 7 (8.4) | 3 (12.5) | 0.364** | 0.63 (0.15–2.69) | 0.61 (0.12–3.12) | 0.807†† | |
| High | 6 (5.6) | 4 (4.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0.52 (0.08–3.13) | 0.73 (0.09–5.73) | |||
| Meat, chicken & organs | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 8 (7.5) | 7 (8.4) | 1 (4.2) | 0.715 | 1.00 | 0.282 | 1.00 | 0.376 |
| Medium | 61 (57.0) | 48 (57.8) | 13 (54.2) | 0.377** | 0.52 (0.06–4.74) | 0.83 (0.08–8.07) | ||
| High | 38 (35.5) | 28 (33.7) | 10 (41.7) | 0.33 (0.03–3.40) | 0.48 (0.04–5.32) | |||
| Sausages & cured meats | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 35 (32.7) | 30 (36.1) | 5 (20.8) | 0.369 | 1.00 | 0.109 | 1.00 | 0.147 |
| Medium | 36 (33.6) | 27 (32.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0.176** | 0.48 (0.14–1.65) | 0.40 (0.11–1.53) | ||
| High | 36 (33.6) | 26 (31.3) | 10 (41.7) | 0.34 (0.09–1.31) | 0.35 (0.08–1.54) | |||
| Meat & sausages | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 27 (25.2) | 23 (27.7) | 4 (16.7) | 0.207 | 1.00 | 0.027 | 1.00 | 0.021 |
| Medium | 39 (36.4) | 32 (38.6) | 7 (29.2) | 0.086** | 0.68 (0.17–2.73) | 0.53 (0.11–2.45) | ||
| High | 41 (38.3) | 28 (33.7) | 13 (54.2) | 0.21 (0.05–0.93) | 0.15 (0.03–0.86) | |||
| Fish & shellfish | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 27 (25.2) | 21 (25.3) | 6 (25.0) | 0.466 | 1.00 | 0.465 | 1.00 | 0.380 |
| Medium | 69 (64.5) | 55 (66.3) | 14 (58.3) | 0.525** | 1.08 (0.36–3.25) | 0.467†† | 1.05 (0.31–3.53) | 0.179†† |
| High | 11 (10.3) | 7 (8.4) | 4 (16.7) | 0.43 (0.08–2.21) | 0.36 (0.06–2.09) | |||
| Eggs | ||||||||
| Low¶¶ | 41 (38.3) | 33 (39.8) | 8 (33.3) | 0.639 | 1.00 | 0.537 | 1.00 | 0.702 |
| High | 66 (61.7) | 50 (60.2) | 16 (66.7) | 0.74 (0.28–1.95) | 0.81 (0.28–2.34) | |||
| Bread | ||||||||
| Non-daily | 5 (4.7) | 3 (3.6) | 2 (8.4) | 0.312 | 1.00 | 0.356 | 1.00 | 0.363 |
| Daily | 102 (95.3) | 80 (96.4) | 22 (91.7) | 2.63 (0.36–19.36) | 2.94 (0.30–29.27) | |||
| Potatoes | ||||||||
| Low§§ | 10 (9.3) | 6 (7.2) | 4 (16.7) | 0.263 | 1.00 | 0.722 | 1.00 | 0.311 |
| Medium | 47 (43.9) | 39 (47.0) | 8 (33.3) | 0.730** | 3.44 (0.73–16.10) | 0.271†† | 3.76 (0.66–21.37) | 0.321†† |
| High | 50 (46.7) | 38 (45.8) | 12 (50.0) | 2.17 (0.40–11.62) | 3.80 (0.56–25.90) | |||
| Cereals & legumes | ||||||||
| Low‡‡ | 9 (8.4) | 5 (6.0) | 4 (16.7) | 0.253 | 1.00 | 0.423 | 1.00 | 0.337 |
| Medium | 48 (44.9) | 39 (47.0) | 9 (37.5) | 0.426** | 3.55 (0.78–16.25) | 0.276†† | 4.45 (0.77–25.73) | 0.245†† |
| High | 50 (46.7) | 39 (47.0) | 11 (45.8) | 2.94 (0.64–13.45) | 3.65 (0.68–19.66) | |||