A: Demographic factors:
| | | |
Age (n = 1704) | | | |
65–69 | 356 (92.7) | 28 (7.3) | 1.0 |
70–79 | 711 (92.1) | 61 (7.9) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) |
80 or more | 498 (90.9) | 50 (9.1) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
Sex (n = 1704) | | | |
Male | 585 (93.0) | 44 (7.0) | 1.0 |
Female | 980 (91.2) | 95 (8.8) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
Ethnic group† (n = 1677) | | | |
White | 1492 (92.2) | 126 (7.8) | 1.0 |
Non-white | 54 (91.5) | 5 (8.5) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3) |
Practice (n = 1704) | | | |
Practice 1 (inner city) | 644 (93.1) | 48 (6.9) | 1.0 |
Practice 2 (suburban) | 921 (91.0) | 91 (9.0) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
B: Physical health
| | | |
Limiting longstanding illness (n = 1704) | | | |
No | 860 (89.6) | 100 (10.4) | 1 |
Yes | 705 (94.8) | 39 (5.2) | 2.1 (1.4 to 3.1) |
Pain interferes with activities (n = 1610) | | | |
Not at all | 665 (90.4) | 71 (9.7) | 1.0 |
A little bit | 358 (93.0) | 27 (7.0) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) |
Moderately/extremely | 460 (94.1) | 29 (5.9) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) |
Disability score (n = 1624) | | | |
0–5 none or mild disability | 1016 (91.0) | 100 (9.0) | 1.0 |
6–18 moderate or severe disability | 481 (94.7) | 27 (5.3) | 1.8 (1.1 to 2.7) |
Number of doctor diagnosed conditions (n = 1704) | | | |
0 | 314 (88.5) | 41 (11.6) | 1.0 |
1–2 | 933 (91.6) | 86 (8.4) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) |
3 or more | 318 (96.4) | 12 (3.6) | 3.5 (1.8 to 6.7) |
C: Psychological factors/health behaviours
| | | |
Geriatric depression scale (GDS15) (n = 1602) | | | |
0–5 low | 1120 (91.7) | 101 (8.3) | 1.0 |
6–15 high | 362 (95.0) | 19 (5.0) | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.8) |
FEAR anxiety scale (n = 1613) | | | |
Low 0–1 | 1132 (91.5) | 105 (8.5) | 1.0 |
High 2–4 | 357 (95.0) | 19 (5.1) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.9) |
Health locus of control | | | |
Internality (n = 1613) | | | |
Low | 454 (92.7) | 36 (7.4) | 1.0 |
High | 1035 (92.2) | 88 (7.8) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
Powerful others (n = 1594) | | | |
Low | 1101 (91.8) | 98 (8.2) | 1.0 |
High | 371 (93.9) | 24 (6.1) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) |
Chance (n = 1603) | | | |
Low | 460 (91.1) | 45 (8.9) | 1.0 |
High | 1018 (92.7) | 80 (7.3) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.8) |
Current smoking status (n = 1658) | | | |
Non-smoker | 1296 (92.1) | 112 (8.0) | 1.0 |
Smoker | 234 (93.6) | 16 (6.4) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.2) |
Frequency of alcohol intake‡ (n = 1628) | | | |
Frequent | 457 (93.8) | 30 (6.2) | 1.0 |
Occasional | 696 (91.3) | 66 (8.7) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) |
Never | 349 (92.1) | 30 (7.9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
D: Social networks and support
| | | |
Marital status (n = 1589) | | | |
Married/cohabiting | 603 (92.1) | 52 (7.9) | 1.0 |
Widowed | 549 (91.5) | 51 (8.5) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
Divorced/separated | 143 (94.1) | 9 (5.9) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.8) |
Single | 168 (92.3) | 14 (7.7) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.9) |
See relatives as much as would like (n = 1597) | | | |
Yes | 967 (93.0) | 73 (7.0) | 1.0 |
No | 514 (92.3) | 43 (7.7) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
See friends as much as would like (n = 1590) | | | |
Yes | 1119 (92.2) | 95 (7.8) | 1.0 |
No | 355 (94.4) | 21 (5.6) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) |
Have a confidante (n = 1650) | | | |
Yes | 1315 (92.6) | 105 (7.4) | 1.0 |
No | 209 (90.9) | 21 (9.1) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
Loneliness (n = 1658) | | | |
Never | 808 (92.6) | 65 (7.5) | 1.0 |
Sometimes | 597 (92.7) | 47 (7.3) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) |
All the time/often | 131 (92.9) | 10 (7.1) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.1) |
E: Socioeconomic factors:
| | | |
Own home (n = 1460) | | | |
No | 469 (91.4) | 44 (8.6) | 1.0 |
Yes | 874 (92.3) | 73 (7.7) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.7) |
Car availability (n = 1520) | | | |
No | 677 (89.7) | 78 (10.3) | 1.0 |
Yes | 719 (94.0) | 46 (6.0) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.6) |
Social class (n = 1456) | | | |
Manual | 523 (93.1) | 39 (6.9) | 1.0 |
Non-manual | 835 (93.4) | 59 (6.6) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
Occupational pension (n = 1536) | | | |
No | 538 (91.5) | 50 (8.5) | 1.0 |
Yes | 890 (93.9) | 58 (6.1) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) |
Private health insurance (n = 1647) | | | |
No | 1343 (91.9) | 119 (8.1) | 1.0 |
Yes | 176 (95.1) | 9 (4.9) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.5) |
Household income§ (n = 479) | | | |
<£120 pw | 179 (95.7) | 8 (4.3) | 1.0 |
£120pw | 288 (98.6) | 4 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.0 to 10.8) |