Association of having been breast fed (compared with only bottle fed) with stature and cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Number | Mean (SD) | Difference between breast fed minus bottle fed infants (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast fed | Bottle fed | Infant feeding mode unknown | Adjusted for age | Adjusted for age and social factors* | ||
| *Social class in childhood (indexed by father’s social class) and adulthood, and birth order. †Geometric mean; standard deviations and regression coefficients refer to logged data. HOMA, homoeostasis model assessment (a measure of insulin resistance); only subjects without self reported diabetes or a fasting blood sugar <7 mmol/l were included in this analysis. | ||||||
| Height (mm) | 1557 | 1714.8 (62.3) | 1712.9 (66.1) | 1704.0 (66.0) | 4.85 (−2.25 to 11.95); p = 0.2 | 4.44 (−2.54 to 11.41); p = 0.2 |
| Leg length (mm) | 1531 | 802.6 (42.2) | 801.0 (44.9) | 796.2 (45.6) | 2.73 (−2.16 to 7.61); p = 0.3 | 2.77 (−2.04 to 7.58); p = 0.3 |
| Trunk length (mm) | 1539 | 912.1 (32.6) | 911.8 (34.0) | 907.9 (32.8) | 1.99 (−1.71 to 5.69); p = 0.3 | 1.48 (−2.21 to 5.17); p = 0.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1576 | 140.5 (19.6) | 140.0 (18.5) | 141.5 (19.4) | −0.33 (−2.48 to 1.82); p = 0.8 | −0.11 (−2.28 to 2.06); p = 0.9 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1572 | 88.8 (12.9) | 89.1 (12.5) | 88.3 (12.2) | −0.37 (−1.82 to 1.08); p = 0.6 | −0.21 (−1.67 to 1.25); p = 0.8 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1556 | 26.3 (3.5) | 25.9 (3.4) | 26.1 (3.8) | 0.37 (−0.03 to 0.77); p = 0.07 | 0.41 (0.01 to 0.81); p = 0.05 |
| Insulin resistance† (HOMA) | 1343 | 1.28 (0.82) | 1.28 (0.82) | 1.19 (0.78) | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09); p = 0.9 | 0.00 (−0.10 to 0.10); p = 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1538 | 5.71 (1.18) | 5.67 (1.10) | 5.71 (1.11) | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18); p = 0.5 | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.17); p = 0.6 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1507 | 3.78 (1.06) | 3.68 (1.04) | 3.81 (1.07) | 0.11 (−0.01 to 0.23); p = 0.08 | 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.23); p = 0.1 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 1560 | 3.78 (0.85) | 3.74 (0.85) | 3.82 (0.84) | 0.00 (−0.09 to 0.10) p = 0.9 | 0.00 (−0.09 to 0.10) p = 0.9 |