Logistic regression models of the risk of suicide by firearm relative to death from other causes
| Decedent’s characteristics | (A) Study sample | (B) Only firearm owners |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Source: 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS). *Reference group. †Reference group is non-drinkers, which includes lifetime abstainers and former drinkers. ‡Depressive symptoms include:(1) seeming drowsy or sluggish, (2) seeming unresponsive or withdrawn, (3) seeming impatient or annoyed, (4) expressing feelings of worthlessness, (5) crying for long periods for no apparent reason, (6) having trouble sleeping or sleeping more or less than usual, (7) eating more or less than usual, and (8) having trouble concentrating or difficulty making decisions. | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Age | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.96) | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) |
| Gender | ||
| Female* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 2.75 (1.82 to 4.13) | 1.85 (1.09 to 3.14) |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High school | 0.88 (0.58 to 1.32) | 1.09 (0.60 to 1.99) |
| College | 0.67 (0.40 to 1.12) | 1.11 (0.56 to 2.20) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White non-Hispanic and other* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 0.51 (0.31 to 0.83) | 0.70 (0.37 to 1.34) |
| Hispanic | 0.94 (0.43 to 2.06) | 2.36 (0.84 to 6.61) |
| Region of residence | ||
| Northeast* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 1.55 (0.80 to 3.02) | 1.71 (0.71 to 4.14) |
| South | 2.44 (1.30 to 4.60) | 2.63 (1.14 to 6.06) |
| West | 1.32 (0.66 to 2.65) | 0.85 (0.34 to 2.13) |
| Correlates of mental wellbeing and stress | ||
| Frequency engaged in religious activities | ||
| Never* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than once per month, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week | 0.36 (0.25 to 0.53) | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.34) |
| 3–6 times per week, every day | 0.70 (0.37 to 1.35) | 0.56 (0.23 to 1.37) |
| Frequency engaged in moderate/vigorous physical activities | ||
| Never* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than once per month, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week | 1.45 (0.82 to 2.57) | 1.05 (0.46 to 2.41) |
| 3–6 times per week, every day | 1.98 (1.14 to 3.44) | 2.83 (1.35 to 5.91) |
| Frequency of contact with family or friends | ||
| Never* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than once per month, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week | 0.77 (0.29 to 2.00) | 0.89 (0.21 to 3.74) |
| 3–6 times per week, every day | 0.53 (0.21 to 1.35) | 0.49 (0.12 to 2.00) |
| Consumed 1+ alcoholic drinks per occasion† | 2.38 (1.63 to 3.48) | 2.28 (1.33 to 3.91) |
| Experienced employment change | 4.05 (2.29 to 7.16) | 4.13 (2.12 to 8.05) |
| Avoided or refused needed health care | 1.23 (0.78 to 1.96) | 1.19 (0.66 to 2.17) |
| Visited a psychiatrist/psychologist | 2.75 (1.51 to 5.01) | 5.29 (2.38 to 11.74) |
| Number of depressive symptoms‡ | ||
| None* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.41) | 1.23 (0.65 to 2.33) |
| 3–4 | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.85) | 1.15 (0.52 to 2.51) |
| 5+ | 0.89 (0.48 to 1.64) | 1.37 (0.63 to 2.99) |
| Number | 4996 | 1608 |