Increased blood lead concentrations (≥10 μ/dl), stratified by the census block group (BG), census tract (CT), and zip code (ZC) area-based socioeconomic measures for cases in areas with the least and most resources: proportion, odds ratio (OR), and relative index of inequality (RII), Rhode Island (1994-1996; n=62514)*
| Proportion %: least resources | Proportion %: most resources | OR: least/most (95% CI) | RII (95% CI) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health outcome | Area based socioeconomic measure | BG | CT | ZC | BG | CT | ZC | BG | CT | ZC | BG | CT | ZC |
| *See appendix for cut off points employed for each variable. | |||||||||||||
| % high lead (≥10 μg/dl): venous | Working class (categorical) | 24.1 | 26.2 | 28.8 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 19.9 | 3.18 (2.70 to 3.75) | 2.82 (2.34 to 3.41) | 1.63 (1.37 to 1.95) | 8.64 (7.58 to 9.86) | 11.63 (10.18 to 13.28) | 11.05 (9.72 to 12.57) |
| Unemployed (quintile) | 27.9 | 28.4 | 28.0 | 10.7 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 3.23 (2.90 to 3.60) | 6.90 (6.03 to 7.89) | 10.12 (8.23 to 12.44) | 7.17 (6.35 to 8.09) | 16.47 (14.42 to 18.80) | 18.55 (16.14 to 21.32) | |
| Median household income (quintile) | 29.5 | 30.5 | 26.4 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 8.87 (7.68 to 10.24) | 12.19 (10.30 to 14.42) | 10.29 (7.80 to 13.56) | 20.33 (17.75 to 23.28) | 28.32 (24.58 to 32.64) | 31.93 (27.11 to 37.60) | |
| Poverty (categorical) | 31.5 | 32.9 | 32.4 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 7.94 (7.17 to 8.80) | 9.49 (8.50 to 10.60) | 11.58 (9.88 to 13.58) | 22.79 (19.90 to 26.09) | 27.95 (24.36 to 32.07) | 24.44 (21.35 to 27.97) | |
| Gini (quintile) | 22.7 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 8.3 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 3.24 (2.87 to 3.67) | 6.97 (5.99 to 8.12) | 12.59 (8.30 to 19.09) | 4.39 (3.90 to 4.93) | 8.51 (7.53 to 9.61) | 21.25 (18.33 to 24.65) | |
| Wealth (categorical) | 16.9 | 17.7 | 18.0 | 8.7 | 13.6 | 15.6 | 2.13 (1.67 to 2.71) | 1.37 (1.12 to 1.67) | 1.19 (1.01 to 1.40) | 5.06 (3.91 to 6.54) | 6.77 (5.33 to 8.60) | 4.46 (3.65 to 5.45) | |
| Crowding (quintile) | 28.5 | 29.8 | 25.9 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 4.39 (4.07 to 4.73) | 6.14 (5.37 to 7.03) | 7.29 (5.36 to 9.93) | 12.83 (11.28 to 14.59) | 20.47 (17.82 to 23.51) | 23.00 (19.71 to 26.85) | |
| Low education (categorical) | 27.5 | 28.5 | 27.3 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 5.28 (4.63 to 6.03) | 5.87 (4.97 to 6.94) | 4.49 (3.89 to 5.18) | 14.10 (12.34 to 16.12) | 16.18 (14.14 to 18.51) | 10.41 (9.15 to 11.84) | |
| High education (categorical) | 21.6 | 22.5 | 23.4 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 13.2 | 2.70 (2.29 to 3.18) | 2.39 (2.05 to 2.78) | 2.00 (1.70 to 2.36) | 6.39 (5.57 to 7.32) | 9.16 (7.94 to 10.58) | 5.49 (4.83 to 6.22) | |
| Townsend index (quintile) | 29.4 | 30.9 | 26.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 10.90 (9.22 to 12.87) | 10.43 (8.99 to 12.10) | 12.27 (8.29 to 18.15) | 26.85 (23.25 to 31.00) | 33.91 (29.31 to 39.24) | 41.14 (34.49 to 49.07) | |
| Index of Local Economic Resources (quintile) | 29.7 | 30.5 | 27.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.46 (6.52 to 8.53) | 7.36 (6.48 to 8.37) | 5.26 (4.66 to 5.94) | 16.92 (14.81 to 19.32) | 23.62 (20.54 to 27.17) | 22.84 (19.63 to 26.59) | |
| Factor 1 (quintile) | 29.5 | 31.0 | 25.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 11.29 (9.64 to 13.23) | 12.64 (10.64 to 15.01) | 8.59 (6.39 to 11.56) | 28.22 (24.39 to 32.65) | 33.22 (28.76 to 38.38) | 38.37 (32.01 to 46.00) | |
| Factor 2 (quintile) | 26.8 | 27.4 | 23.6 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 5.15 (4.50 to 5.89) | 3.46 (3.07 to 3.90) | 3.70 (3.20 to 4.27) | 10.60 (9.31 to 12.06) | 8.82 (7.79 to 9.98) | 7.70 (6.77 to 8.75) | |
| SEP Index (quintile) | 30.0 | 30.0 | 26.4 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 9.4 | 6.69 (5.82 to 7.67) | 8.46 (7.28 to 9.82) | 3.46 (2.98 to 4.01) | 25.49 (22.06 to 29.40) | 24.67 (21.41 to 29.46) | 22.72 (19.44 to 26.54) | |
| SEP1 (categorical) | 31.9 | 33.5 | 32.4 | 8.1 | 13.0 | 20.0 | 5.31 (4.15 to 6.80) | 3.37 (2.72 to 4.18) | 1.92 (1.60 to 2.30) | 12.28 (10.81 to 13.95) | 16.06 (14.15 to 18.23) | 10.78 (9.50 to 12.23) | |
| Median value | 28.5 | 29.8 | 26.4 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 5.28 | 6.90 | 5.26 | 12.83 | 16.47 | 21.25 | |
| % high lead (≥10 μg/dl): capillary | Working class (categorical) | 30.5 | 33.8 | 37.0 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 24.8 | 2.75 (2.45 to 3.09) | 2.74 (2.39 to 3.14) | 1.78 (1.52 to 2.09) | 4.86 (4.37 to 5.41) | 5.60 (5.04 to 6.22) | 5.21 (4.68 to 5.79) |
| Unemployed (quintile) | 34.4 | 36.0 | 35.1 | 16.5 | 12.7 | 11.4 | 2.64 (2.40 to 2.90) | 3.86 (3.51 to 4.25) | 4.21 (3.78 to 4.69) | 3.70 (3.35 to 4.10) | 6.11 (5.51 to 6.77) | 6.86 (6.17 to 7.63) | |
| Median household income (quintile) | 35.6 | 37.4 | 33.5 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 4.62 (4.19 to 5.09) | 4.83 (4.39 to 5.33) | 4.29 (3.77 to 4.89) | 7.17 (6.45 to 7.96) | 8.03 (7.23 to 8.93) | 7.21 (6.46 to 8.04) | |
| Poverty (categorical) | 37.9 | 38.2 | 46.8 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 4.14 (3.83 to 4.47) | 4.34 (3.99 to 4.72) | 6.97 (6.24 to 7.79) | 7.11 (6.40 to 7.90) | 7.33 (6.60 to 8.13) | 8.13 (7.30 to 9.07) | |
| Gini (quintile) | 26.4 | 29.9 | 34.2 | 16.1 | 14.5 | 14.2 | 1.86 (1.69 to 2.06) | 2.52 (2.28 to 2.78) | 3.14 (2.62 to 3.75) | 2.23 (2.02 to 2.46) | 2.67 (2.42 to 2.94) | 4.11 (3.70 to 4.57) | |
| Wealth (categorical) | 23.6 | 24.4 | 25.8 | 14.4 | 16.5 | 20.8 | 1.84 (1.58 to 2.13) | 1.63 (1.42 to 1.87) | 1.32 (1.15 to 1.53) | 3.53 (2.99 to 4.17) | 3.82 (3.30 to 4.42) | 3.58 (3.16 to 4.07) | |
| Crowding (quintile) | 34.5 | 37.5 | 33.2 | 16.5 | 14.2 | 11.6 | 2.66 (2.50 to 2.84) | 3.63 (3.31 to 3.96) | 3.80 (3.26 to 4.43) | 4.54 (4.09 to 5.05) | 5.62 (5.07 to 6.23) | 5.90 (5.30 to 6.57) | |
| Low education (categorical) | 33.9 | 35.3 | 33.6 | 13.4 | 14.5 | 13.8 | 3.31 (3.03 to 3.61) | 3.23 (2.94 to 3.55) | 3.16 (2.88 to 3.46) | 5.72 (5.15 to 6.35) | 5.62 (5.06 to 6.24) | 4.58 (4.13 to 5.09) | |
| High education (categorical) | 28.8 | 29.7 | 30.5 | 13.2 | 15.8 | 15.0 | 2.66 (2.38 to 2.98) | 2.25 (2.02 to 2.50) | 2.49 (2.18 to 2.84) | 4.49 (4.02 to 5.01) | 4.61 (4.13 to 5.14) | 3.82 (3.43 to 4.25) | |
| Townsend index (quintile) | 36.6 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 11.2 | 10.0 | 7.5 | 4.57 (4.13 to 5.06) | 5.48 (4.95 to 6.07) | 5.83 (4.81 to 7.05) | 8.18 (7.35 to 9.10) | 9.06 (8.14 to 10.07) | 7.42 (6.63 to 8.30) | |
| Index of Local Economic Resources (quintile) | 36.4 | 37.7 | 34.5 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 4.45 (4.04 to 4.89) | 4.29 (3.92 to 4.69) | 3.41 (3.14 to 3.70) | 6.86 (6.18 to 7.61) | 7.25 (6.53 to 8.05) | 6.45 (5.79 to 7.18) | |
| Factor 1 (quintile) | 36.1 | 37.3 | 31.7 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 5.44 (4.91 to 6.03) | 5.70 (5.12 to 6.35) | 5.10 (4.30 to 6.06) | 8.59 (7.72 to 9.57) | 8.93 (8.03 to 9.94) | 7.42 (6.62 to 8.31) | |
| Factor 2 (quintile) | 33.3 | 35.1 | 30.9 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 13.8 | 3.24 (2.97 to 3.54) | 2.88 (2.65 to 3.13) | 2.79 (2.55 to 3.04) | 5.45 (4.91 to 6.05) | 4.98 (4.50 to 5.52) | 4.38 (3.95 to 4.87) | |
| SEP Index (quintile) | 36.7 | 37.4 | 33.6 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 14.2 | 4.23 (3.86 to 4.63) | 4.10 (3.75 to 4.48) | 3.06 (2.77 to 3.37) | 7.97 (7.16 to 8.87) | 7.46 (6.72 to 8.29) | 5.86 (5.26 to 6.52) | |
| SEP1 (categorical) | 38.0 | 41.2 | 46.9 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 24.9 | 4.40 (3.73 to 5.19) | 3.74 (3.17 to 4.42) | 2.66 (2.25 to 3.15) | 5.93 (5.33 to 6.59) | 6.03 (5.43 to 6.71) | 5.93 (5.28 to 6.66) | |
| Median value | 34.5 | 37.3 | 33.6 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 3.31 | 3.74 | 3.16 | 5.72 | 6.03 | 5.90 | |