Case-control studies
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Duration of exposure to:
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Cantor et al 19989 | Iowa (USA) | 732 cases 914 population controls | Chlorinated surface water | 0 years | 1–39 years | ≥40 years | Age, sex, study period, high risk occupation, and cigarettes. |
Koivusalo et al 19988 | Finland | 1123 cases 1983 population controls | Substantially mutagenic drinking water | <15 years | 15–44 years | ≥45 years | Age, socio economic status and smoking. Results stratified by sex. |
King et al 199610 | Ontario (Canada) | 696 cases 1545 population controls | Chlorinated surface water | ≤9 years | 10–34 years | ≥35 years | Age, gender, log pack years of smoking, current smoking, education, and calorie intake. |
McGeehin et al 199311 | Colorado (USA) | 327 cases 261 other cancer sites controls | Chlorinated water | 0 years | 1–30 years | >30 years | Coffee consumption, smoking, tap water intake, family history of bladder cancer, sex, and medical history of bladder infection or kidney stones. |
Vena et al 199315 | New York state (USA) | 351 cases 855 population controls | Tap water | 0–49 years consuming
0–5 glasses/day | 0–49 years consuming
>10 glasses/day | ≥50 years consuming
>10 glasses/day | Age, education, cigarette smoking (pack years), sodium, carotene, and non-tap water. Only men. |
Cantor et al 198713 | USA | 2855 cases 5258 population controls | Chlorinated surface water | 0 years | 1–39 years | ≥40 years | Age, sex, smoking habit, high risk occupation, population size of usual residence and reporting centre. |
Cohort studies
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Wilkins and Comstock 198114 | Washington County (USA) | 31000 study subjects, 81 bladder cancer cases | Drinking water source | Deep well users | | Chlorinated surface water users | Age, marital status, education, smoking history, frequency of church attendance, adequacy of housing, and persons per room. |
Doyle et al 199716a Iowa USA | | 28237 study subjects, 43 bladder cancer cases | Drinking water source | 100% ground water source | Mixed surface-ground water | 100% surface water source | Age, education, smoking status, pack years of smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, total energy intake, body mass index, and waist to hip ratio |