Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals, CI) for smoking of cigarettes after adjustment for city, age, gender, and their interactions, and after additional adjustment for educational level (447 neighbourhoods in six cities)*
| All respondents aged 16 and over (n=20401) | Respondents aged 25–64 (n=13452) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjustment for city, age, gender, and their interactions | Idem + educational level | Adjustment for city, age, gender, and their interactions | Idem + educational level | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| *For the city of the Hague no data were available on smoking of cigarettes. †Area level concerns neighbourhoods; random variance at individual level was fixed at “1” (assuming a strictly binomial variance); random variance at city level was captured by a dummy for each city. ‡Difference in deviance between a model containing an interaction of the neighbourhood measure and a model without (χ2 value and degrees of freedom; statistical significance (p<0.05) is indicated in bold). | ||||||||
| GP deprivation | ||||||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| yes | 1.31 | 1.21 to 1.42 | 1.19 | 1.09 to 1.29 | 1.41 | 1.27 to 1.55 | 1.24 | 1.11 to 1.37 |
| Area level random variance (SE)† | 0.0075 | (0.0259) | 0.0077 | (0.0263) | 0.0252 | (0.0360) | 0.0181 | (0.0364) |
| City differences (χ2; (df))‡ | 15.7 | (4 df) | 25.3 | (4 df) | 8.3 | (4 df) | 13.4 | (4 df) |
| Mean income | ||||||||
| favourable | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| medium | 1.27 | 1.18 to 1.36 | 1.15 | 1.06 to 1.23 | 1.34 | 1.23 to 1.46 | 1.18 | 1.08 to 1.29 |
| unfavourable | 1.57 | 1.46 to 1.68 | 1.36 | 1.26 to 1.46 | 1.66 | 1.52 to 1.81 | 1.39 | 1.26 to 1.52 |
| Area level random variance (SE)† | 0.0061 | (0.0259) | 0.0072 | (0.0263) | 0.0277 | (0.0363) | 0.0192 | (0.0365) |
| City differences (χ2; (df))‡ | 236.2 | (10 df) | 227.5 | (10 df) | 19.0 | (10 df) | 18.1 | (10 df) |
| Proportion on social benefits | ||||||||
| favourable | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| medium | 1.20 | 1.12 to 1.29 | 1.10 | 1.02 to 1.19 | 1.27 | 1.16 to 1.38 | 1.14 | 1.04 to 1.24 |
| unfavourable | 1.39 | 1.29 to 1.50 | 1.19 | 1.11 to 1.29 | 1.48 | 1.36 to 1.62 | 1.22 | 1.11 to 1.35 |
| Area level random variance (SE)† | 0.0133 | (0.0262) | 0.0132 | (0.0266) | 0.0292 | (0.0362) | 0.0209 | (0.0365) |
| City differences (χ2; (df))‡ | 229.7 | (10 df) | 227.5 | (10 df) | 3.2 | (10 df) | 7.0 | (10 df) |