Micronutrient densities: four large male and female dietary clusters
| Male population | Male—large clusters | Female population | Female—large clusters | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC1 Beer/ convenience (n=366) | MC2 Traditional (n=192) | MC3 Sweet/mixed (n=190) | MC4 Healthy (n=185) | p Value | FC1 Traditional (n=355) | FC2 Healthy/ cosmopolitan (n=275) | FC3 Convenience (n=229) | FC4 Healthy/sweet (n=168) | p Value | |||
| Retinol equivalents (μg) | 683 (25.5) | 618.0 (39.6) | 614.4 (43.2) | 916.0 (94.1) | 613.9 (39.7) | *** | 869 (33.6) | 631 (680) | 1191 (1617) | 678 (924) | 1056 (1001) | *** |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 1.42 (0.04) | 1.17 (0.09) | 1.39 (0.07) | 1.72 (0.07) | 1.74 (0.11) | *** | 1.54 (0.04) | 1.38 (0.05) | 1.62 (0.08) | 1.33 (0.11) | 2.17 (0.12) | *** |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 4.08 (0.05) | 3.89 (0.10) | 3.37 (0.08) | 4.42 (0.12) | 4.56 (0.12) | *** | 4.29 (0.05) | 3.73 (0.06) | 4.69 (0.10) | 4.23 (0.13) | 5.14 (0.14) | *** |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 27.9 (0.52) | 23.93 (0.79) | 21.51 (0.66) | 27.12 (0.85) | 39.87 (1.67) | *** | 38.2 (0.78) | 28.58 (0.83) | 52.82 (1.92) | 33.54 (1.78) | 42.50 (1.77) | *** |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.67 (0.01) | 0.69 (0.01) | 0.75 (0.01) | 0.76 (0.01) | *** | 0.76 (0.01) | 0.74 (0.01) | 0.79 (0.01) | 0.71 (0.02) | 0.82 (0.01) | *** |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.86 (0.01) | 0.83 (0.02) | 0.78 (0.02) | 0.94 (0.02) | 0.96 (0.02) | *** | 0.96 (0.01) | 0.87 (0.01) | 1.10 (0.03) | 0.86 (0.03) | 1.09 (0.03) | *** |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 16.6 (0.13) | 16.82 (0.27) | 15.27 (0.43) | 16.28 (0.22) | 18.08 (0.28) | *** | 17.6 (0.15) | 15.88 (0.20) | 19.69 (0.35) | 16.52 (0.31) | 18.22 (0.32) | *** |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.02 (0.01) | 1.08 (0.02) | 0.90 (0.02) | 0.96 (0.02) | 1.11 (0.02) | *** | 0.96 (0.01) | 0.90 (0.01) | 1.05 (0.02) | 0.91 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.02) | *** |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.02 (0.07) | 2.99 (0.11) | 2.64 (0.12) | 3.42 (0.26) | 3.06 (0.14) | * | 3.23 (0.09) | 2.60 (0.10) | 4.12 (0.22) | 2.87 (0.19) | 3.51 (0.21) | *** |
| Folate (μg) | 129 (1.4) | 133.34 (3.53) | 116.47 (1.98) | 120.89 (1.97) | 141.39 (2.58) | *** | 130 (1.5) | 113.4 (1.73) | 151.2 (3.10) | 120.8 (4.20) | 143.3 (3.26) | *** |
| Biotin (μg) | 16.5 (0.58) | 16.95 (1.67) | 14.19 (0.33) | 16.24 (0.29) | 18.54 (0.47) | — | 17.6 (0.45) | 14.18 (0.23) | 20.14 (0.56) | 17.44 (1.87) | 19.07 (0.90) | *** |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 2.61 (0.03) | 2.68 (0.05) | 2.41 (0.04) | 2.53 (0.04) | 2.82 (0.08) | *** | 2.78 (2.65) | 2.60 (0.04) | 3.08 (0.06) | 2.66 (0.07) | 2.90 (0.06) | *** |
| Iron (mg) | 5.69 (0.07) | 5.49 (0.16) | 5.26 (0.12) | 6.03 (0.12) | 6.26 (0.13) | *** | 6.4 (0.08) | 5.81 (0.01) | 7.46 (0.19) | 5.73 (0.17) | 6.87 (0.18) | *** |
| Calcium (mg) | 386 (3.5) | 335.95 (7.49) | 375.94 (5.59) | 403.55 (5.39) | 442.04 (8.36) | *** | 437 (4.4) | 417.3 (5.97) | 467.6 (8.05) | 404.5 (13.83) | 491.9 (8.85) | *** |
| Potassium (mg) | 1322 (9.0) | 1314.4 (19.5) | 1238.3 (15.8) | 1277.4 (15.5) | 1457.4 (17.3) | *** | 1485 (12) | 1345.8 (15.5) | 1658.9 (24.1) | 1385.4 (29.8) | 1582.9 (24.3) | *** |
| Magnesium (mg) | 133 (1.3) | 130.5 (3.07) | 118.8 (1.87) | 131.5 (1.85) | 148.5 (1.97) | *** | 143 (1.4) | 124.2 (1.71) | 164.8 (2.56) | 133.4 (3.68) | 157.6 (3.04) | *** |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 600 (3.7) | 585.9 (7.69) | 557.8 (5.96) | 603.7 (6.20) | 667.9 (8.46) | *** | 650 (4.7) | 598.5 (5.95) | 725.8 (9.19) | 600.00 (12.56) | 717.4 (10.5) | *** |
| Copper (mg) | 0.66 (0.01) | 0.65 (0.02) | 0.60 (0.01) | 0.70 (0.02) | 0.68 (0.02) | *** | 0.74 (0.01) | 0.66 (0.01) | 0.86 (0.02) | 0.69 (0.02) | 0.80 (0.02) | *** |
| Zinc (mg) | 4.71 (0.05) | 4.83 (0.13) | 4.41 (0.06) | 4.61 (0.07) | 5.00 (0.08) | *** | 5.08 (0.05) | 4.76 (0.16) | 5.65 (0.08) | 4.83 (0.16) | 5.37 (0.11) | *** |
| Iodine (μg) | 97 (1.0) | 98.38 (1.93) | 89.96 (2.93) | 94.11 (1.70) | 105.4 (1.92) | *** | 103 (1.2) | 98.86 (2.17) | 106.98 (2.09) | 97.61 (3.02) | 112.96 (2.65) | *** |