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@ # bjbj{{ 8 2 * * * : J J J ^ BT BT BT 8 zT , T ^ u vU X X X X X X X 3u 5u 5u 5u 5u 5u 5u $ jv R x Yu J _ X X _ _ Yu J J X X nu d d d _ 8 J X J X 3u d _ 3u d d J J d X jU b"A BT a d d u 0 u d Zy b Zy d ^ ^ J J J J Zy J d X Z d \ ^ X X X Yu Yu ^ ^ D BT d ^ ^ BT Appendix: Main findings of systematic review
Characteristics of datasets included in the systematic review, and their agreement with consumption expenditure
Study first authorDatasetStudy LimitationsIndicators included in wealth indexConsumption equivalence scaleWealth index consumption expenditure associationStrength of agreement between wealth index and consumption expenditureTotalDSHCAOtherFerguson ADDIN EN.CITE Ferguson200250650650627Ferguson, B.Tandon, A.Gakidou, E.Murray, C. J. L.Estimating permanent income using indicator variables2002Evidence and Information for Policy Cluster; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland[55]Peru 2000 LSMS; N~4000M, H2421111TotalSpearmans rank correlation coefficient = 0.734STRONGJamal ADDIN EN.CITE Jamal200584484484417Jamal, H.In search of poverty predictors: The case of urban and rural PakistanPakistan Development ReviewPakistan Development Review37-554412005Spring[40]Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 2001/2 URBANM, U, N, H30172812RTotalR2 value from regressions of indicators on consumption expenditure = 0.69STRONGJamal ADDIN EN.CITE Jamal200584484484417Jamal, H.In search of poverty predictors: The case of urban and rural PakistanPakistan Development ReviewPakistan Development Review37-554412005Spring[40]Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 2001/2 RURALM, U, N, H30172812RTotalR2 value from regressions of indicators on consumption expenditure = 0.52STRONGMcKenzie ADDIN EN.CITE McKenzie200584684684617McKenzie, D. J.Measuring inequality with asset indicators Journal of Population EconomicsJournal of Population Economics229-2601822005[45]Mexico Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 1998; N=10,773M271845Not presentedRank correlation coefficient = 0.894STRONGFilmer and Scott ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200813041304130427Filmer, D.Scott, K.Assessing Asset Indices (WPS 4605)Policy Research Working Paper46052008The World Bank Development Research Group: Human Development and Public Services Team[46]Brazil 1996/7 LSMS; N=4940M29236Per capita% households in poorest quintile of expenditures in same quintile of wealth index = 68%MODERATEFilmer and Scott ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200813041304130427Filmer, D.Scott, K.Assessing Asset Indices (WPS 4605)Policy Research Working Paper46052008The World Bank Development Research Group: Human Development and Public Services Team[46]Panama 1991 LSMS; N=4945M272115Per capita% households in poorest quintile of expenditures in same quintile of wealth index = 72%MODERATEGrosch ADDIN EN.CITE Grosch199585285285227Grosch, M.Baker, J.Proxy means tests for targeting social programs1995The World Bank[44]Jamaica LSMS 1989; N~4000M, H2493561Per capitaR2 value from regressions of indicators on consumption expenditure = 0.41MODERATESahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Peru 1994 LSMS; N=3623M95211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.28MODERATESahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]South Africa 1994 LSMS; N=8848M95211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.31MODERATESahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Vietnam 1998 LSMS; N=5999M95211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.36MODERATESkoufias and Coady ADDIN EN.CITE Skoufias200793193193117Skoufias, E.Coady, D. P.Are the welfare losses from imperfect targeting important?EconomicaEconomica756-776742962007Nov0013-0427ISI:000250262000011<Go to ISI>://000250262000011 [42]Mexico 1998 Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares RURAL; N=4378M, U, H201352TotalSensitivity = 67.6%MODERATESumarto ADDIN EN.CITE Sumarto200782682682617Sumarto, S.Suryadarma, D.Suryahadi, A.Predicting consumption poverty using non-consumption indicators: Experiments using Indonesian dataSocial Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators Research543-5788132007May0303-8300ISI:000245300200004<Go to ISI>://000245300200004 [43]Indonesia National Socioeconomic Survey 1999 URBANM, H, N28721
91L, 8PPer capitaGrouped into bottom 30%, middle 40% and top 30%.
63.7% households in same group
MODERATE
Sumarto ADDIN EN.CITE Sumarto200782682682617Sumarto, S.Suryadarma, D.Suryahadi, A.Predicting consumption poverty using non-consumption indicators: Experiments using Indonesian dataSocial Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators Research543-5788132007May0303-8300ISI:000245300200004<Go to ISI>://000245300200004 [43]Indonesia National Socioeconomic Survey 1999 RURALM, H, N31741101L, 8PPer capitaGrouped into bottom 30%, middle 40% and top 30%.
60.1% households in same groupMODERATEWard ADDIN EN.CITE Ward200257957957927Ward, P.Owens, T.Kahyrara, G.Developing proxy predictors for household expenditure and income poverty2002Oxford Policy Management[21]Tanzanian Household Budget Survey 2000/1; N=20,883M2691610PPer adult equivalent% households in same tercile = 62.1%MODERATEAzzarri ADDIN EN.CITE Azzarri200682882882817Azzarri, C.Carletto, G.Davis, B.Zezza, A.Monitoring poverty without consumption data - An application using the Albania Panel SurveyEastern European EconomicsEastern European Economics59-824412006Jan-Feb0012-8775ISI:000236521900004<Go to ISI>://000236521900004 [56]Albania 2002 LSMS; N=3600M1361211L, 2WPer capita% households in same quartile = 56.8%WEAKFilmer and Pritchett ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200132132132117Filmer, D.Pritchett, L. H.Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of IndiaDemographyDemography115-132382001[5]Indonesia DHS 1994; N=16,242M, H13634Per adult equivalentClassified into poorest 40%, middle 40%, and top 20%.
54.9% households in same groupWEAKFilmer and Pritchett ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200132132132117Filmer, D.Pritchett, L. H.Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of IndiaDemographyDemography115-132382001[5]Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 1991 (LSMS); N=1192M, H15744Per adult equivalentClassified into poorest 40%, middle 40%, and top 20%.
50.0% households in same groupWEAKFilmer and Pritchett ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200132132132117Filmer, D.Pritchett, L. H.Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of IndiaDemographyDemography115-132382001[5]Nepal Living Standards Survey 1996 (LSMS); N=3372M, H16646Per adult equivalentClassified into poorest 40%, middle 40%, and top 20%.
56.0% households in same groupWEAKFilmer and Scott ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200813041304130427Filmer, D.Scott, K.Assessing Asset Indices (WPS 4605)Policy Research Working Paper46052008The World Bank Development Research Group: Human Development and Public Services Team[46]Nicaragua 2001 LSMS; N=4191M322444Per capita% households in poorest quintile of expenditures in same quintile of wealth index = 56%WEAKFilmer and Scott ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200813041304130427Filmer, D.Scott, K.Assessing Asset Indices (WPS 4605)Policy Research Working Paper46052008The World Bank Development Research Group: Human Development and Public Services Team[46]Uganda 2000 LSMS; N=10,696M16925Per capita% households in poorest quintile of expenditures in same quintile of wealth index = 52%WEAKFilmer and Scott ADDIN EN.CITE Filmer200813041304130427Filmer, D.Scott, K.Assessing Asset Indices (WPS 4605)Policy Research Working Paper46052008The World Bank Development Research Group: Human Development and Public Services Team[46]Zambia 2004 LSMS; N=19,247M342644Per capita% households in poorest quintile of expenditures in same quintile of wealth index = 42%WEAKHowe ADDIN EN.CITE Howe200812091209120917Howe, L. D.Hargreaves, J. R.Huttly, S. R. A.Issues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countriesEmerging Themes in EpidemiologyEmerging Themes in Epidemiology35200810.1186/1742-7622-5-3[57]Malawi LSMS 2004/5; N=11,280M12642Per capita% households in same quintile = 29.2%WEAKKhe ADDIN EN.CITE Khe200373737317Khe, N. D.Eriksson, B.Phuong do, N.Hojer, B.Diwan, V. K.Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam. nguyenduykhe2002@yahoo.comFaces of poverty: sensitivity and specificity of economic classifications in rural VietnamScandanavian Journal of Public HealthScandanavian Journal of Public Health70-531Suppl. 62pubmed "social class" and measure and indicatorDeveloping Countries/economicsHealth Services ResearchHealth Status IndicatorsHumansModels, EconometricPoverty/ classification/statistics & numerical dataQuestionnairesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tRural Population/ classification/statistics & numerical dataSocial ClassSocioeconomic FactorsVietnam20031403-495614649649[37]Bavi District epidemiological field study; N=11,547L, R, M, H15141LPer capitaSensitivity = 50.8%WEAKLindelow ADDIN EN.CITE Lindelow200653153153117Lindelow, M.The World Bank, Wasington, DC 20433, USA. mlindelow@worldbank.orgSometimes more equal than others: how health inequalities depend on the choice of welfare indicatorHealth EconomicsHealth Economics263-791532006Mar1057-9230 (Print)16259049[47]Mozambique National Household Survey on Living Conditions; N=8250M, H12732Per capita% households in same quintile = 25.1%WEAKMontgomery ADDIN EN.CITE Montgomery200055755755717Montgomery, M. R.Gragnolati, M.Burke, K. A.Paredes, E.Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA. mmontgomery@popcouncil.orgMeasuring living standards with proxy variablesDemographyDemography155-74372AdultChildDemographyDeveloping Countries/*statistics & numerical dataEducational StatusFemaleFertilityHumansIncome/*statistics & numerical dataInfantInfant MortalityModels, Statistical*Quality of LifeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.2000May10836174http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10836174 [38]Ghana 1998 LSMS; N=4291M, H12651Per adult equivalentR2 value from regressions of index on consumption expenditure = 0.104WEAKMontgomery ADDIN EN.CITE Montgomery200055755755717Montgomery, M. R.Gragnolati, M.Burke, K. A.Paredes, E.Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA. mmontgomery@popcouncil.orgMeasuring living standards with proxy variablesDemographyDemography155-74372AdultChildDemographyDeveloping Countries/*statistics & numerical dataEducational StatusFemaleFertilityHumansIncome/*statistics & numerical dataInfantInfant MortalityModels, Statistical*Quality of LifeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.2000May10836174http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10836174 [38]Guatemala Encuesta de Salud Familiar 1995; N=2816L, C, R, M, H12651Per adult equivalentR2 value from regressions of index on consumption expenditure = 0.077WEAKMontgomery ADDIN EN.CITE Montgomery200055755755717Montgomery, M. R.Gragnolati, M.Burke, K. A.Paredes, E.Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA. mmontgomery@popcouncil.orgMeasuring living standards with proxy variablesDemographyDemography155-74372AdultChildDemographyDeveloping Countries/*statistics & numerical dataEducational StatusFemaleFertilityHumansIncome/*statistics & numerical dataInfantInfant MortalityModels, Statistical*Quality of LifeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.2000May10836174http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10836174 [38]Tanzania 1993/4 LSMS; N=6742M, H10451Per adult equivalentR2 value from regressions of index on consumption expenditure = 0.155WEAKRutstein ADDIN EN.CITE Rutstein200446146146127Rutstein, S. O.Johnson, K.DHS Comparative Reports 6: The DHS Wealth Index2004Calverton, Maryland, USAORC Macro; MEASURE DHS[4]Guatemala Health Demand and Expenditure Survey 1997; N=2562L, R, M, H13832Total% households in same quintile = 36%WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Cte dIvoire 1988 LSMS; N=1600M95211Per capita% households in same quintile = 37.0%WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Ghana 1988 LSMS; N=3192M95211Per capita% households in same quintile = 30.6%WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Ghana 1992 LSMS; N=4552M95211Per capita% households in same quintile = 30.7%WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Jamaica 1998 LSMS; N=7375M95211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.60WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Madagascar 1993 LSMS; N=4800M95211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.73
WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Papua New Guinea 1996 LSMS; N=1396M84211Per capitaCorrespondence index = 0.64
WEAKSahn ADDIN EN.CITE Sahn200357157157117Sahn, D.Stifel, D.Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure dataReview of Income and WealthReview of Income and Wealth463-4894942003[16]Vietnam 1993 LSMS; N=4800M95211Per capita% households in same quintile = 35.5%WEAKSkoufias and Coady ADDIN EN.CITE Skoufias200793193193117Skoufias, E.Coady, D. P.Are the welfare losses from imperfect targeting important?EconomicaEconomica756-776742962007Nov0013-0427ISI:000250262000011<Go to ISI>://000250262000011 [42]Mexico 1998 Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares URBAN; N=9001M, U, H201352Per capitaSensitivity = 53.4%WEAK
Key to methodological limitations: Measurement of wealth index: I = included narrower range of indicators than standard DHS indices; Measurement of consumption expenditure: L = limited details provided, C = restricted list of items; Study design: R = not nationally-representative; Analysis features: M = missing data excluded or not mentioned at all, U = analysis only performed separately for different areas, N = sample size not reported, H = clustered sampling not discussed or not taken into account in analysis
Key to indicator types: D = consumer durables (includes all durables, domestic appliances, vehicles, telephones, etc); S = access to services (includes water supply, sanitation facilities, fuels used, healthcare use); H = housing characteristics (includes dwelling materials, ownership status, etc); C = demographics and human capital (includes education, occupation, family size and composition, crowding, etc); A = area; Other categories: P = purchases, consumption indicators, and clothing; L = livestock; R = remittances; W = subjective well-being
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