Economic conditions and health behaviours during the 'Great Recession'

J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013 Dec 1;67(12):1038-46. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-202260. Epub 2013 Aug 22.

Abstract

Background: The adoption of healthier behaviours has been hypothesised as a mechanism to explain empirical findings of population health improvements during some economic downturns.

Methods: We estimated the effect of the local unemployment rate on health behaviours using pooled annual surveys from the 2003-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Surveys, as well as population-based telephone surveys of the US adult general population. Analyses were based on approximately 1 million respondents aged 25 years or older living in 90 Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Metropolitan Divisions (MMSAs). The primary exposure was the quarterly MMSA-specific unemployment rate. Outcomes included alcohol consumption, smoking status, attempts to quit smoking, body mass index, overweight/obesity and past-month physical activity or exercise.

Results: The average unemployment rate across MMSAs increased from a low of 4.5% in 2007 to a high of 9.3% in 2010. In multivariable models accounting for individual-level sociodemographic characteristics and MMSA and quarter fixed effects, a one percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate was associated with 0.15 (95% CI -0.31 to 0.01) fewer drinks consumed in the past month and a 0.14 (95% CI -0.28 to 0.00) percentage-point decrease in the prevalence of past-month heavy drinking; these effects were driven primarily by men. Changes in the unemployment rate were not consistently associated with other health behaviours. Although individual-level unemployment status was associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity, the MMSA-level effects of the recession were largely invariant across employment groups.

Conclusions: Our results do not support the hypothesis that health behaviours mediate the effects of local-area economic conditions on mortality.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Alcohol Drinking / epidemiology
  • Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
  • Economic Recession / statistics & numerical data*
  • Female
  • Health Behavior*
  • Health Promotion
  • Health Status
  • Health Surveys
  • Humans
  • Life Style*
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Population Surveillance / methods*
  • Prevalence
  • Preventive Health Services / statistics & numerical data
  • Primary Prevention / statistics & numerical data
  • Socioeconomic Factors
  • Stress, Psychological / epidemiology
  • Stress, Psychological / psychology
  • Unemployment / psychology
  • Unemployment / statistics & numerical data*
  • United States / epidemiology
  • Urban Population
  • Young Adult