Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biosocial Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior in Children and Adults: A Review

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite increasing knowledge of social and biological risk factors for antisocial and violent behavior, we know surprisingly little about how these two sets of risk factors interact. This paper documents 39 empirical examples of biosocial interaction effects for antisocial behavior from the areas of genetics, psychophysiology, obstetrics, brain imaging, neuropsychology, neurology, hormones, neurotransmitters, and environmental toxins. Two main themes emerge. First, when biological and social factors are grouping variables and when antisocial behavior is the outcome, then the presence of both risk factors exponentially increases the rates of antisocial and violent behavior. Second, when social and antisocial variables are grouping variables and biological functioning is the outcome, then the social variable invariably moderates the antisocial–biology relationship such that these relationships are strongest in those from benign home backgrounds. It is argued that further biosocial research is critical for establishing a new generation of more successful intervention and prevention research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Archer, J. (1991). The influence of testosterone on human aggression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 82, 1-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arseneault, L., Tremblay, R. E., Boulerice, B., & Saucier, J. F. (2002). Obstetrical complications and violent delinquency: Testing two developmental pathways. Child Development, 73, 496-508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arseneault, L., Tremblay, R. E., Boulerice, B., Seguin, J. R., & Saucier, J. F. (2000). Minor physical anomalies and family adversity as risk factors for violent delinquency in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 917-923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, P. A., Grekin, E. R., & Mednick, S. A. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult male criminal outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 215-219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, P. A., Mednick, B. R., & Mednick, S. A. (1993). Parental psychopathology, congenital factors, and violence. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 244-261). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, P. A., Mednick, S. A., & Raine, A. (1997). Biosocial interactions and violence: A focus on perinatal factors. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 163-174). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, P. A., & Raine, A. (1997). Biosocial bases of antisocial behavior: Psychophysiological, neurological, and cognitive factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 589-604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, P. A., Raine, A., Schulsinger, F., Kirkegaard-Sorensen, L., Knop, J., Hutchings, B., et al. (1997). Psychophysiological protective factors for male subjects at high risk for criminal behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 853-855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buikhuisen, W., Bontekoe, E. H., Plas-Korenhoff, C., & Van Buuren, S. (1984). Characteristics of criminals: The privileged offender. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 301-313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadoret, R. J., Cain, C. A., & Crowe, R. R. (1983). Evidence for gene-environment interaction in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior. Behavior Genetics, 13, 301-310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 916-924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, K. O. (1977). A preliminary study of criminality among twins. In S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior (pp. 89-108). New York: Gardner Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. R., & Gottesman, I. I. (1987). Genetic and environmental factors in antisocial behavior disorders. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack (Eds.), The causes of crime: New biological approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. R., Sigvardsson, S., Bohman, M., & von Knorring, A. L. (1982). Predisposition to petty criminality in Swedish adoptees: II. Cross-fostering analysis of gene-environmental interactions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1242-1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, R. R. (1974). An adoption study of antisocial personality. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 785-791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabbs, J. M. (1992). Testosterone measurements in social and clinical psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 302-321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabbs, J. M., & Morris, R. (1990). Testosterone, social class, and antisocial behavior in a sample of 4,462 men. Psychological Science, 1, 209-211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: GP Putnam's Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (1990). Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond auto-nomically to social stimuli. Behavioural Brain Research, 41, 81-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., & Bates, J. E. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 31-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1977). Crime and personality (3rd ed.). St. Albans: Paladin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (1997). The relationship between low resting heart rate and violence. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 89-105). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of adult antisocial personality and adult convictions. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 605-622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fast, D. K., Corny, J., & Loock, C. A. (1999). Identifying Fetal Alcohol Syndrome among youth in the criminal justice system. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 370-372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowles, D. C. (1993). Electrodermal activity and antisocial behavior: Empirical findings and theoretical issues (pp. 223-237). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowles, D. C., Kochanska, G., & Murray, K. (2000). Electrodermal activity and temperament in preschool children. Psychophysiology, 37, 777-787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatzke, L., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Steinhauer, S., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2002). Low autonomic arousal, sensation seeking, and antisocial behavior. Manuscript under review.

  • Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 574-589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C. L., & Tibbetts, S. G. (1998). Interaction between maternal cigarette smoking and Apgar scores in predicting offending behavior. Psychological Reports, 83, 579-586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C. L., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2000). A biosocial interaction in predicting early onset of offending. Psychological Reports, 86, 509-518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy, J. D., Majorski, L. V., Wallace, C. J., & Guy, M. P. (1983). The incidence of minor physical anomalies in adult male schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 9, 571-582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamalainen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (1996). Problem behavior as a precursor of male criminality. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 443-455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. A. (1999). Review and methodological considerations in research on testosterone and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4, 273-291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemming, J. H. (1981). Electrodermal indices in a selected prison sample and students. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 37-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P., & Anderson, C. A. (1996). Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 113-149). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P., Lahey, B. B., & Hart, E. L. (1993). Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 31-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirono, N., Mega, M. S., Dinov, I. D., Mishkin, F., & Cummings, J. L. (2000). Left frontotemporal hypoperfusion in associated with aggression in patients with dementia. Archives of Neurology, 57, 861-866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgins, S., Kratzer, L., & McNeil, T. F. (2001). Obstetric complications, parenting, and risk of criminal behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 746-752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, S. S., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., & LaCasse, L. (2001). Autonomic stress reactivity and executive functions in successful and unsuccessful criminal psychopaths from the community. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 423-432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1994). Galen' sprophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemppainen, L., Jokelainen, J., Jaervelin, M. R., Isohanni, M., & Raesaenen, P. (2001). The one-child family and violent criminality: A 31-year follow-up study of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 960-962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laakso, M. P., Vaurio, O., Koivisto, E., Savolainen, L., Eronen, M., Aronen, H. J., et al. (2001). Psychopathy and the posterior hippocampus. Behavioural Brain Research, 118, 187-193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., & Hart, E. L. (1995). Psychobiology. In G. P. Sholevar (Ed.), Conduct disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 27-44). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laucht, M., Esser, G., Baving, L., Gerhold, M., Hoesch, I., Ihle, W, et al. (2000). Behavioral sequelae of perinatal insults and early family adversity at 8 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1229-1237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E. D., Wilkerson, A., Jones, J. P., Christopher, N. C., & Briggs, S. J. (1996). Prenatal nicotine effects on memory in rats: Pharmacological and behavioral challenges. Developmental Brain Research, 97, 207-215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. O., Lovely, R., Yeager, C., & Femina, D. D. (1989). Toward a theory of the genesis of violence: A follow-up study of delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 431-436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. O., Pincus, J. H., Bard, B., & Richardson, E. (1988). Neuropsychiatric, psychoeducational, and family characteristics of 14 juveniles condemned to death in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 584-589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1998). Never too early, never too late: Risk factors and successful interventions for serious and violent juvenile offenders. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7, 7-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliphant, R., Hume, F., & Furnham, A. (1990). Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, personality characteristics, and disruptive behaviour in girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31, 619-628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, R. D., Hone, B., & Doshi, A. (1998). Environmental pollution, neurotoxicity, and criminal violence. In J. Rose (Ed.), Environmental toxicology: Current developments (pp. 13-48). New York: Gordon and Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mataro, M., Jurado, M. A., Garcia-Sanchez, C., Barraquer, L., Costa-Jussa, F. R., & Junque, C. (2001). Long-term effects of bilateral frontal brain lesion 60 years after injury with an iron bar. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1139-1142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1999). The biosociology of testosterone in men. In D. Franks & S. Smith (Eds.), Mind, brain, and society: Toward a neurosociology of emotion (Vol. 5, pp. 311-338). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376-390.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord, J. (2001). Psychosocial contributions to psychopathy and violence. In A. Raine & J. Sanmartin (Eds.), Violence and psychopathy (pp. 141-170). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A. (1977). A bio-social theory of the learning of law-abiding behavior. In S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior. New York: Gardner Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A., & Kandel, E. S. (1988). Congenital determinants of violence. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 16, 101-109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miczek, K. A. (2001). Research on animal aggression: Emerging successes for understanding determinants of human violence. In M. E. Carroll & J. B. Overmier (Eds.), Animal research and human health: Advancing human welfare through behavioral science (pp. 41-61). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1990a). The neuropsychology of delinquency: A critical review. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 99-169). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1990b). Juvenile delinquency and Attention Deficit Disorder: Boys' developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Development, 61, 893-910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355-375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fawcett, P., Brammer, G. L., Raleigh, M., Yuwiler, A., & Silva, P. (1997). Whole blood serotonin and family background relate to male violence. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 231-249). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, A. B., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113-156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niehoff, D. (1999). The biology of violence. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D. (1997). Tobacco exposure and impaired development: A review of the evidence. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 3, 257-269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D., Henderson, C. R. J., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., et al. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 280, 1238-1244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, H. C., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Barr, H. M., Bookstein, F. L., & Thiede, K. (1997). Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioral and learning problems in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1187-1194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine, D. S., Shaffer, D., Schonfeld, I. S., & Davies, M. (1997). Minor physical anomalies: Modifiers of environmental risks for psychiatric impairment? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 395-403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, A., & Tibbetts, S. (1999). The impact of pre/perinatal disturbances and disadvantaged familial environment in predicting criminal offending. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 8, 52-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., & Rutter, M. (1998). Child development, molecular genetics, and what to do with genes once they are found. Child Development, 69, 1223-1242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1965). Psychopathic personality as pathological stimulation-seeking. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 180-183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (1987). Effect of early environment on electrodermal and cognitive correlates of schizotypy and psychopathy in criminals. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 4, 277-287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (1993). The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (1996). Autonomic nervous system activity and violence. In D. M. Stoff & R. B. Cairns (Eds.), Aggression and violence: Genetic, neurobiological, and biosocial perspectives (pp. 145-168). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (1997). Antisocial behavior and psychophysiology: A biosocial perspective and a prefrontal dysfunction hypothesis. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 289-304). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (2002). The biological basis of crime. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime: Public policies for crime control (pp. 43-74). San Francisco: ICS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (2002). Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 417-434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Farrington, D. P. (1997). Biosocial bases of violence: Conceptual and theoretical issues. In A. Raine, P.A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 1-20). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Mednick, S. A. (1994). Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 984-988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Interaction between birth complications and early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to adult violence: Specificity to Serious, early-onset violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1265-1271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Brennan, P., Mednick, B., & Mednick, S. A. (1996). High rates of violence, crime, academic problems, and behavioral problems in males with both early neuromotor deficits and unstable family environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 544-549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M., & LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 495-508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Park, S., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., Widom, C. S., et al. (2001). Reduced right hemisphere activation in severely abused violent offenders during a working memory task: An fMRI study. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 111-129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Biosocial bases of aggressive behavior in childhood. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 107-126). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., Mednick, S. A., & Farrington, D. P. (1998). Fearlessness, stimulation-seeking, and large body size at age 3 years as early predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 745-751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Stoddard, J., Bihrle, S., & Buchsbaum, M. (1998). Prefrontal glucose deficits in murderers lacking psychosocial deprivation. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 11, 1-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., & Venables, P. H. (1981). Classical conditioning and socialization—a biosocial interaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 273-283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., & Venables, P. H. (1984a). Electrodermal nonresponding, antisocial behavior, and schizoid tendencies in adolescents. Psychophysiology, 21, 424-433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., & Venables, P. H. (1984b). Tonic heart rate level, social class and antisocial behaviour in adolescents. Biological Psychology, 18, 123-132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dalais, C., Mellingen, K., Reynolds, C., & Mednick, S. A. (2001). Early educational and health enrichment at age 3–5 years is associated with increased autonomic and central nervous system arousal and orienting at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project. Psychophysiology, 38, 254-266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Low resting heart rate at age 3 years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1457-1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Williams, M. (1995). High autonomic arousal and electrodermal orienting at age 15 years as protective factors against criminal behavior at age 29 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1595-1600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Williams, M. (1996). Better autonomic conditioning and faster electrodermal half-recovery time at age 15 years as possible protective factors against crime at age 29 years. Developmental Psychology, 32, 624-630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasanen, P., Hakko, H., Isohanni, M., Hodgins, S., Jarvelin, M. R., & Tiihonen, J. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of criminal behavior among adult male offspring in the northern Finland 1996 birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 857-862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, D. C. (2001). Biology and crime. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. L. (1997). Nature-nurture integration: The example of antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 52, 390-398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, A., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997a). Heart rate and skin conductance in behaviorally inhibited Mauritian children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 182-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, A., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997b). Heart rate and skin conductance in behaviorally inhibited Mauritian children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 182-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, A., Romero, N., Fikretoglu, D., Bowser, F. M., & Wilson, J. W. (1999). Community violence exposure and aggression: Biosocial interactions. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada.

  • Slotkin, T. A., Epps, T. A., Stenger, M. L., Sawyer, K. J., & Seidler, F. J. (1999). Cholinergic receptors in heart and brainstem of rats exposed to nicotine during development: Implications for hypoxia tolerance and perinatal mortality. Brain Research, 113, 1-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparling, Y. A., & Cohen, R. (1997). Neurobehavioral influences on propensity for juvenile violence. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 9, 134-135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., & Olson, H. C. (1999). The long-term neurocognitive consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure: A 14-year study. Psychological Science, 10, 186-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. H., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Seattle: Washington Publication Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suomi, S. J. (1999). Developmental trajectories, early experiences, and community consequences: Lessons from studies with rhesus monkeys. In D. P. Keating & C. Hertzman (Eds.), Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics (pp. 185-200). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, E. J. (1993). Psychological, contextual, and psychobiological interactions: A developmental perspective on conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 181-189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, E. J., & Finkelstein, J. W. (2001). Biology, development, and dangerousness. In G. F. Pinard & L. Pagani (Eds.), Clinical assessment of dangerousness: Empirical contributions (pp. 23-46). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, E. J., & Ponirakis, A. (1997). Hormones—context interaction and antisocial behavior in youth. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 251-269). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., Hegedus, A. M., Winsten, N. E., & Alterman, A. I. (1984). Neuropsychological, personality, and familial characteristics of physically abused delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 668-674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, R. E., Schaal, B., Boulerice, B., Arseneault, L., Soussignan, R., & Perusse, D. (1997). Male physical aggression, social dominance, and testosterone levels at puberty: A developmental perspective. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 271-291). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., Tancredi, L. R., Grant, C., Gillespie, H., Valentine, A., Mullani, N., et al. (1995). Brain glucose metabolism in violent psychiatric patients: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 61, 243-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1976). Delinquency, pulse rate and early emotional deprivation. British Journal of Criminology, 16, 245-256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1987). Vulnerability and resiliency in children at risk for delinquency: A longitudinal study from birth to young adulthood. In J. D. Burchard & S. N. Burchard (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology (pp. 16-43). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. (1997). Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 159-170). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. M., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopolous, J., Rennie, C., Kozek, K., et al. (2000). The neural correlates of orienting: An integration of fMRI and skin conductance orienting. Neuroreport, 11, 3011-3015.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

    Adrian Raine

Authors
  1. Adrian Raine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adrian Raine.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raine, A. Biosocial Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior in Children and Adults: A Review. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30, 311–326 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015754122318

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015754122318

Search

Navigation