Reviews and feature articlePrenatal versus postnatal priming of allergen specific immunologic memory: The debate continues
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2011, Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :Importantly, although there remains some controversy, the inability of recent studies to identify a committed allergen-specific memory TH2 response early in life suggests that allergic responses develop postnatally.25 Several studies claimed to present evidence that allergic priming could occur in humans in utero, but these studies have largely been irreproducible, and methodologic flaws in their approach have been identified.26 In nonallergic individuals, the TH2 bias appears to be transient, and IgE levels fall, possibly through a counterbalancing induction of antigen-specific TH1 responses (ie, interferon [IFN]-γ); in contrast, these TH2 responses consolidate and strengthen in allergic children, perhaps through induction of IL-4 signaling.26
Mechanisms of immune tolerance relevant to food allergy
2011, Journal of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :Although these findings might be expected in atopic infants, prospective birth cohort studies have shown that IgE production to egg, milk, and peanut commonly occurs, even in healthy infants.29 In nonallergic subjects this TH2 bias appears to be transient, and IgE levels decrease, possibly through a counterbalancing induction of antigen-specific TH1 responses (ie, IFN-γ); in contrast, these TH2 responses consolidate and strengthen in allergic children, perhaps through induction of IL-4 signaling.30 In murine models high-dose exposure to antigen in early life, even a single isolated dose, can produce lymphocyte anergy, whereas low-dose exposure, especially when repeated, induces Treg cell development.31
Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The author has declared that he has no conflict of interest.